Oat head smut

Symptoms Oatmeal smut is found throughout the country, inside and outside the oat growing area. It mainly occurs at the heading stage. Diseases and strains tend to be consistent. The embryos and glumes of the diseased seeds were destroyed and filled with black-brown powdered chlamydospores, with a solid, unbreakable black film. The chlamydospores are not easy to disperse when they are strongly bonded, and they are still hard blocks when harvested, so they are called head smut. Some cultivars do not suffer from glumes, and it is difficult for the chlamydospores to hide in Ying. (right)

The pathogen, Ustilago levis (Kell. et Swing) Magn., said that it is a basidiomycotina fungus. The synonym of U.hordei Kell et Sw.; U. hordei (Pers.) Lagerh. The spores were born in the flower. The chlamydospores are spherical to elliptical, dark brown, and have a smooth, non-spike surface and are 6-9 μm in size. Parasitic on barley and oats. The temperature limit of pathogenic bacteria development is 4-34°C, and the suitable temperature is 15-28°C. The bacteria have different physiological races.

Transmission routes and pathogenic conditions Bacteria spores on the seeds or fall into the soil and mixed in fertilizers for winter or summer. Spores are highly resistant to stress and can survive in soil for 2-5 years, becoming the primary source of infection in the following year. When the spring seeds germinate, the teliospores also produce three round bar-shaped rods with this germination, and four borne spores on the top of the basal. After the spores germinate, secondary microspores are produced. After germination, the genus microspores germinate with each other to produce a bi-nucleate mycelium that invades the host's buds. Followed by plant growth and upward expansion. When flowering, it enters the flower plant, the ovary is destroyed, and a large amount of chlamydospores are produced, forming sick ears. Chlamydospore germination temperature range of 4-34 °C, suitable temperature is 15-28 °C. The temperature is high and the humidity is greater than the onset. Large buckwheat, small buckwheat, Huabei 1, buckwheat, vulgar buckwheat and other susceptible diseases.

Prevention methods (1) Selection of disease-resistant varieties such as Inner Mongolia's Oat No. 2 (product 1163), Heilongjiang Hailun 2001 variety, Hebei Zhangbei 2031 wild species, Xinjiang Emin 2056 varieties, Xinjiang sand bend 2131, 2132, 2151 varieties, Qinghai Yellow Oats, Black Beads Oats, Bamboo Oats, Red Oats, Soviet Variety and Soviet Oats No. 1, Soviet Oats No. 2, Soviet 339, Hungarian Constantine, Universal Wild Wheat, Australian Vormark, Victoria Ahju etc. (2) Pharmaceutical treatment Seeds are immersed in seeds with a fine sulfur powder of 0.65% to 1% of seed weight or evenly sprayed on the seeds with 1% formalin solution. Stir well and put on a straw bag. Soak immediately after 5 hours of sowing. . In addition, 50% carbendazim wettable powder or 50% benomyl wettable powder, 15% triadimefon wettable powder, 50% valitile amine wettable powder can be used. Seed dressing with 0.2% seed weight, control effect Excellent. (3) The diseased plants were found to be removed in time after heading, and brought to the field outside and burned.

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