Artemisia annua cultivation technology acquisition processing method
2019-09-12 02:04:10
Artemisia annua L., the scientific name of Artemisia annua L. Asteraceae, Ai. Annual herb. The above-ground leaves and unopened flower buds are used to extract and produce artemisinin and other products. Artemisinin and its derivatives, which are effective physiological components extracted from Artemisia annua L., are highly effective, quick-acting and safe antimalarial drugs. Their derivatives are artemether for the treatment of falciparum malaria and vivax malaria, and the cure rate is as high as 99%. The antimalarial activity of hydrogen artemisinin is 10 times that of artemisinin and 38 times that of artesunate. Phenol is also a special drug for the treatment of leukemia. The United States has cooperated with China to research and develop a series of products such as benzophenone. Therefore, it has attracted the attention of Western countries, especially the United States-led WHO, including the World Health Organization, WHO recognizes its unique efficacy and use. Artemisinin is also the only natural medicine in China that enters the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP), and is also the preferred basic list recommended by the World WHO. Artemisinin and its derivatives are sold in Africa, South America, Australia, near the equator and Southeast Asia. Multiple countries and regions. It is praised by the experts and the bosses of the production enterprises as "the world's artemisia resources in China, China's Artemisia annua in the Wuling mountain area, Wuling mountain area, good artemisia in Enshi". Artemisia annua L. is mostly wild and has abundant resources. Enshi Qingjiang Biological Engineering Co., Ltd. has carried out planting of Artemisia sinensis in the whole state. According to incomplete statistics, it has developed more than 10,000 mu and strives for “11th Five-Year Plan†planting. The total area of ​​the period reached more than 100,000 mu. Artemisia annua L. is the enemy of crops, generally growing at an altitude of 1200 meters below sea level. Enshi Prefecture Academy of Agricultural Sciences Qingjiang Biological Engineering Co., Ltd. has built an annual production capacity of 30 tons of artemisinin production line, and annual raw materials of 6,000 tons - 10,000 tons of raw materials. For sales and marketing, the cultivation techniques of Artemisia annua L. are described below for reference.
〔form〕
The height of Artemisia annua L. is 40-150 cm, and the whole plant has a strong volatile oil smell. Stems erect, with longitudinal stripes, many branches, smooth and glabrous. Basal leaves flattened on the ground, withered when flowering; stems alternate with each other, green when young, yellowish brown when old, glabrous, shortly stalked, sessilely sessate; leaf blade usually lanceolate. The lobes are short, with very small powdery pubescence, dark green on the top, pale green underneath, with small hairy or powdery glandular spots; narrowly winged on both sides of the leaf axis; shape. In the late autumn, small yellow flowers are opened, and the flower heads are small and spherical with a diameter of about 3.6 mm. It has a soft and short stalk, and most of it is conical; the total scorpion is small in sphere, the flower is all tubular flower, yellow, the outer is female flower, the center is bisexual flower, achene, oval. The flowering period is from July to August, and the fruiting period is from September to October.
In addition, the genus Artemisia annua L. and its variety, the head of Artemisia annua. The difference between the two and Artemisia annua is: the leaves are three-pinnately full-lobed, the central axis is not jagged, and the last small lobes are short-pointed, easily broken, and the section of the pith is larger. The head flower is densely spherical, 1.5 mm in diameter is Artemisia annua L.; the head flower is spherically dense, and the diameter of 3 mm is Artemisia scoparia.
[growth habit]
1. Biological characteristics
(1) The seed has a thousand-grain weight of 0.02-0.048 mg, and 4500-5000 seeds per gram of seed. Seed germination requires light or temperature changes. Under light, germination at 15 °C - 25 °C, seed germination rate is 99%; seed germination rate is lower at 15 °C or above 30 °C.
(2) Seeding in the first half of March (10.5 °C), emergence in 7 days, and growing in *12 days. 40 days after emergence, the growth accelerated, the seedling height was 18 cm; the stem was sucked at 80 days, and the branch appeared at 39 cm; the second branch was entered in the middle and late June. *It takes 130 days to branch to the present bud, 170 days later (from the beginning of August to the end of September), 200 days (from the end of September to the beginning of 10) fruit ripening (15.7 ° C), 260 days (end of December) seedlings ( 5 ° C - 8 ° C). Harvesting from sowing to leaves was 172 days with a full growth cycle of 265 days.
(3) Root growth Artemisia annua L. is a shallow root plant with short main roots and developed lateral roots, which are dense and dense; the roots are 8-16 cm deep and the root width is 20-26 cm.
(4) The branching habits have strong germination power, which can reach 76-90 side branches. Before the emergence of germination to lateral branches, the growth of the main stem was slow; the growth of the stem was fast before the end of May; the peak of the second stem was observed from early to mid-August; the bud stage was entered in early September, and the growth stopped. The dry leaf weight and artemisinin content increased with the extension of the growth period.
(5) Flowering habits are the beginning flowering period in mid-September, the flowering period in late September, and the late flowering stage in late September. The flowering sequence is from bottom to top, the same branch is open upward from the stem, and the same inflorescence is open from the outside to the inside. The flower is a tubular flower with female flowers on the outside and a bisexual flower in the center. The self-pollination rate is 5%, which is a cross-pollinated plant.
(6) Stress resistance has strong biocompetitive ability. It grows fast after the * branching, and forms a plant community dominated by Artemisia annua L. with the advantage of overwhelming weeds. It has strong resistance to stress, drought resistance, waterlogging resistance and disease resistance.
2. Requirements for external conditions
Artemisia annua is widely distributed, often wild in the wilderness, hillsides, roadsides, river banks, and houses. After the harvest, the corn field, rapeseed land or the second wasteland grows more, and the mature land is second, and the wasteland is less for many years.
(1) The temperature of Artemisia annua L. has a strong adaptability to temperature. The content of active constituents (artemisinin) of Artemisia annua L. grown in the middle altitude area of ​​Enshi Prefecture is higher, and the content of Artemisia annua L. in the north is lower. The higher content of Artemisia annua L. grows mostly in the range of 10.4 °C - 14.9 °C, and the accumulated temperature is in the zone of 4627.2 °C - 5212.7 °C. The seed germination requires temperature change. Under the condition of temperature change, the germination rate is higher than the constant temperature. At 20 °C - 27.5 °C, the buds grow rapidly and the content of active ingredients increases rapidly.
(2) When the water is pumped to the bud stage, the average precipitation is good for about 200 mm, and the relative humidity is good for 80%. It grows vigorously in high temperature and high humidity areas.
(3) The sunlight has a temperature of 30 ° C, a strong light of 1000-2000 lux, and a periodicity of light of 12:12 hours. Zui can promote the early maturing of Artemisia annua L., and the active ingredient is high and stable. The number of sunshine hours from branching to bud stage is longer, from 156.5 to 169.4 hours/month, and the illumination time during flowering is 185.3 hours/month. Artemisia is a short-day plant that requires an annual light hours of about 1000 hours. Too much or too little is not suitable. If the amount of light is too much or too little, Artemisia annua can grow, but it will cause a decrease in artemisinin content.
(4) The soil Artemisia annua should be selected from the sunny alluvial alluvial soil or the purple red soil with the geological structure of the gray thick layer of limestone parent material. The effective content of Artemisia annua L. grown in yellow loam soil is low and it is not suitable for planting.
〔Planting Techniques〕
1, breeding methods
Propagation with seeds, transplanting with seedlings.
2, seed collection, seedling
(1) Seed collection In September-October, the mature seed plants are cut back to dry, shake the seeds, remove the seed shells, impurities, and store them for later use.
(2) Seedlings are planted in mid-February.
1 Before planting the land, choose the alluvial soil that is sunny and humid, with an altitude of 600-750 meters. It is also possible to select a purple-red soil whose geological structure is a dark gray thick layer of limestone parent material.
2 The whole land should first be applied to the ground with 2000-2500 kilograms of organic fertilizer per mu on the selected land, then plow the land, turn the applied fertilizer into the soil and level it, and make 1.3 meters of sorghum, simmering east and west, 畦20 cm high.
3 sowing the seeds first into the ash, evenly spread the noodles, and then cover a layer of grass ash to cover the seeds. After emergence, pay attention to drought prevention and seedling protection. In the seedling stage, it is advisable to apply light manure and manure water, 800 kg per mu. When the plant height is 5 to 10 cm, it can be transplanted. The amount of seedlings per mu is 100-150 grams, and 280,000 to 300,000 transplanted seedlings can be obtained, which can be planted in 2.67 hectares.
3. Site preparation
(1) Site transplanting land, using 2000-500 kg of soil fertilizer or beef and horse fat per acre, adding 100-150 kg of superphosphate, mixing well, spreading the ground, turning over the soil, and cultivating the soil. Do 1.3 meters high sorghum, ditch depth 10 ~ 15 cm, north and south, you can plant.
(2) Transplanting 26.5 cm × 26.5 cm in the row spacing, 1 plant per hole, 7500-12,000 plants per acre. If you use wide and narrow rows, you can grow ginger in the row. It is also possible to grow corn at a height of 0.8 m × 1.2 m, and plant the green fungus in a wide row of corn at 40 cm x 60 cm. Some planting methods have a good effect.
The cultivation of Artemisia annua can also be carried out by seed, that is, the seeds are directly spread in the whole sputum. However, the seed live field is inconvenient to manage, and the yield is lower than that of transplanted seedlings, so it is generally not used.
4. Field management
The transplanting of Artemisia annua L. to the harvest requires weeding 2 to 3 times, and the topdressing and weeding are combined with weeding, and the root dressing can be applied 1 or 2 times. The first time, after the seedlings survive, the shallow hoes are used. After the shovel, 1000-1500 kilograms of light human and animal manure is used per acre, 3-5 kilograms of urea, and 2 to 3 kilograms of superphosphate. The second time before the closure of the line, weeding and weeding 1 time, after weeding, use 1000-1500 kg of human and animal manure per acre, 10 kg of urea, 30 kg of superphosphate, 10 kg of potassium chloride, and evenly applied into the hole. It can also be sprayed with 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate 2 kg in the * branching period, and once in half a month, which has an extremely significant effect on increasing the yield and increasing the active ingredients of the medicine. And when the artemisia annua grows to 1 meter high, the top tip of 0.5 cm is removed to promote multiple collaterals and increase yield.
5. Establish a good seed base
The selected excellent varieties (such as white stalks of Artemisia scoparia) are isolated and propagated. In the second branching, the impurities are removed, and the seeds are harvested after harvesting, dried and threshed, and stored in a ventilated place.
6. Pest control
(1) Disease The main disease of Artemisia annua L. is powdery mildew, also known as melon powder disease, which occurs from June to July. The main damage to the leaves, the disease from the old leaves to the new leaves, white powder throughout the whole leaf, is the pathogen bacteria capsule.
Control method: spray with 2 to 3 Baume's stone sulphur mixture for 2 to 3 times; or use wettable powder rust to 500 to 800 times for spraying.
(2) Pests The main pest of Artemisia annua is aphids, which are harmful to young shoots.
Control method: spray with 40% dimethoate emulsifiable concentrate 1000 times.
[harvest processing]
1, harvest
From July to August of the transplanting year, Artemisia annua L. can be harvested in the bud stage. The content of artemisinin in the bud stage is 0.986%-1%, which is suitable for harvesting. At the time of harvest, the whole plant is cut and dried, and the dried leaves are covered with a wooden stick or a curtain, and the impurities and stems are removed, and stored in a dry and ventilated place.
2, processing
Dry leaves of Artemisia scoparia can be directly administered into the medicine in the formula of traditional Chinese medicine. If artemisinin is extracted, the leaves are packaged immediately and shipped to the pharmaceutical factory for extraction of the active ingredients according to a certain process.
[quality of output]
1, production
The drying rate of Artemisia annua L. is 10% to 12%, and 150-250 kg of dry product per mu can be produced.
2, quality
Authentic dry leaves of Artemisia annua L.: no impurities, no stalks, all dry, green.
〔form〕
The height of Artemisia annua L. is 40-150 cm, and the whole plant has a strong volatile oil smell. Stems erect, with longitudinal stripes, many branches, smooth and glabrous. Basal leaves flattened on the ground, withered when flowering; stems alternate with each other, green when young, yellowish brown when old, glabrous, shortly stalked, sessilely sessate; leaf blade usually lanceolate. The lobes are short, with very small powdery pubescence, dark green on the top, pale green underneath, with small hairy or powdery glandular spots; narrowly winged on both sides of the leaf axis; shape. In the late autumn, small yellow flowers are opened, and the flower heads are small and spherical with a diameter of about 3.6 mm. It has a soft and short stalk, and most of it is conical; the total scorpion is small in sphere, the flower is all tubular flower, yellow, the outer is female flower, the center is bisexual flower, achene, oval. The flowering period is from July to August, and the fruiting period is from September to October.
In addition, the genus Artemisia annua L. and its variety, the head of Artemisia annua. The difference between the two and Artemisia annua is: the leaves are three-pinnately full-lobed, the central axis is not jagged, and the last small lobes are short-pointed, easily broken, and the section of the pith is larger. The head flower is densely spherical, 1.5 mm in diameter is Artemisia annua L.; the head flower is spherically dense, and the diameter of 3 mm is Artemisia scoparia.
[growth habit]
1. Biological characteristics
(1) The seed has a thousand-grain weight of 0.02-0.048 mg, and 4500-5000 seeds per gram of seed. Seed germination requires light or temperature changes. Under light, germination at 15 °C - 25 °C, seed germination rate is 99%; seed germination rate is lower at 15 °C or above 30 °C.
(2) Seeding in the first half of March (10.5 °C), emergence in 7 days, and growing in *12 days. 40 days after emergence, the growth accelerated, the seedling height was 18 cm; the stem was sucked at 80 days, and the branch appeared at 39 cm; the second branch was entered in the middle and late June. *It takes 130 days to branch to the present bud, 170 days later (from the beginning of August to the end of September), 200 days (from the end of September to the beginning of 10) fruit ripening (15.7 ° C), 260 days (end of December) seedlings ( 5 ° C - 8 ° C). Harvesting from sowing to leaves was 172 days with a full growth cycle of 265 days.
(3) Root growth Artemisia annua L. is a shallow root plant with short main roots and developed lateral roots, which are dense and dense; the roots are 8-16 cm deep and the root width is 20-26 cm.
(4) The branching habits have strong germination power, which can reach 76-90 side branches. Before the emergence of germination to lateral branches, the growth of the main stem was slow; the growth of the stem was fast before the end of May; the peak of the second stem was observed from early to mid-August; the bud stage was entered in early September, and the growth stopped. The dry leaf weight and artemisinin content increased with the extension of the growth period.
(5) Flowering habits are the beginning flowering period in mid-September, the flowering period in late September, and the late flowering stage in late September. The flowering sequence is from bottom to top, the same branch is open upward from the stem, and the same inflorescence is open from the outside to the inside. The flower is a tubular flower with female flowers on the outside and a bisexual flower in the center. The self-pollination rate is 5%, which is a cross-pollinated plant.
(6) Stress resistance has strong biocompetitive ability. It grows fast after the * branching, and forms a plant community dominated by Artemisia annua L. with the advantage of overwhelming weeds. It has strong resistance to stress, drought resistance, waterlogging resistance and disease resistance.
2. Requirements for external conditions
Artemisia annua is widely distributed, often wild in the wilderness, hillsides, roadsides, river banks, and houses. After the harvest, the corn field, rapeseed land or the second wasteland grows more, and the mature land is second, and the wasteland is less for many years.
(1) The temperature of Artemisia annua L. has a strong adaptability to temperature. The content of active constituents (artemisinin) of Artemisia annua L. grown in the middle altitude area of ​​Enshi Prefecture is higher, and the content of Artemisia annua L. in the north is lower. The higher content of Artemisia annua L. grows mostly in the range of 10.4 °C - 14.9 °C, and the accumulated temperature is in the zone of 4627.2 °C - 5212.7 °C. The seed germination requires temperature change. Under the condition of temperature change, the germination rate is higher than the constant temperature. At 20 °C - 27.5 °C, the buds grow rapidly and the content of active ingredients increases rapidly.
(2) When the water is pumped to the bud stage, the average precipitation is good for about 200 mm, and the relative humidity is good for 80%. It grows vigorously in high temperature and high humidity areas.
(3) The sunlight has a temperature of 30 ° C, a strong light of 1000-2000 lux, and a periodicity of light of 12:12 hours. Zui can promote the early maturing of Artemisia annua L., and the active ingredient is high and stable. The number of sunshine hours from branching to bud stage is longer, from 156.5 to 169.4 hours/month, and the illumination time during flowering is 185.3 hours/month. Artemisia is a short-day plant that requires an annual light hours of about 1000 hours. Too much or too little is not suitable. If the amount of light is too much or too little, Artemisia annua can grow, but it will cause a decrease in artemisinin content.
(4) The soil Artemisia annua should be selected from the sunny alluvial alluvial soil or the purple red soil with the geological structure of the gray thick layer of limestone parent material. The effective content of Artemisia annua L. grown in yellow loam soil is low and it is not suitable for planting.
〔Planting Techniques〕
1, breeding methods
Propagation with seeds, transplanting with seedlings.
2, seed collection, seedling
(1) Seed collection In September-October, the mature seed plants are cut back to dry, shake the seeds, remove the seed shells, impurities, and store them for later use.
(2) Seedlings are planted in mid-February.
1 Before planting the land, choose the alluvial soil that is sunny and humid, with an altitude of 600-750 meters. It is also possible to select a purple-red soil whose geological structure is a dark gray thick layer of limestone parent material.
2 The whole land should first be applied to the ground with 2000-2500 kilograms of organic fertilizer per mu on the selected land, then plow the land, turn the applied fertilizer into the soil and level it, and make 1.3 meters of sorghum, simmering east and west, 畦20 cm high.
3 sowing the seeds first into the ash, evenly spread the noodles, and then cover a layer of grass ash to cover the seeds. After emergence, pay attention to drought prevention and seedling protection. In the seedling stage, it is advisable to apply light manure and manure water, 800 kg per mu. When the plant height is 5 to 10 cm, it can be transplanted. The amount of seedlings per mu is 100-150 grams, and 280,000 to 300,000 transplanted seedlings can be obtained, which can be planted in 2.67 hectares.
3. Site preparation
(1) Site transplanting land, using 2000-500 kg of soil fertilizer or beef and horse fat per acre, adding 100-150 kg of superphosphate, mixing well, spreading the ground, turning over the soil, and cultivating the soil. Do 1.3 meters high sorghum, ditch depth 10 ~ 15 cm, north and south, you can plant.
(2) Transplanting 26.5 cm × 26.5 cm in the row spacing, 1 plant per hole, 7500-12,000 plants per acre. If you use wide and narrow rows, you can grow ginger in the row. It is also possible to grow corn at a height of 0.8 m × 1.2 m, and plant the green fungus in a wide row of corn at 40 cm x 60 cm. Some planting methods have a good effect.
The cultivation of Artemisia annua can also be carried out by seed, that is, the seeds are directly spread in the whole sputum. However, the seed live field is inconvenient to manage, and the yield is lower than that of transplanted seedlings, so it is generally not used.
4. Field management
The transplanting of Artemisia annua L. to the harvest requires weeding 2 to 3 times, and the topdressing and weeding are combined with weeding, and the root dressing can be applied 1 or 2 times. The first time, after the seedlings survive, the shallow hoes are used. After the shovel, 1000-1500 kilograms of light human and animal manure is used per acre, 3-5 kilograms of urea, and 2 to 3 kilograms of superphosphate. The second time before the closure of the line, weeding and weeding 1 time, after weeding, use 1000-1500 kg of human and animal manure per acre, 10 kg of urea, 30 kg of superphosphate, 10 kg of potassium chloride, and evenly applied into the hole. It can also be sprayed with 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate 2 kg in the * branching period, and once in half a month, which has an extremely significant effect on increasing the yield and increasing the active ingredients of the medicine. And when the artemisia annua grows to 1 meter high, the top tip of 0.5 cm is removed to promote multiple collaterals and increase yield.
5. Establish a good seed base
The selected excellent varieties (such as white stalks of Artemisia scoparia) are isolated and propagated. In the second branching, the impurities are removed, and the seeds are harvested after harvesting, dried and threshed, and stored in a ventilated place.
6. Pest control
(1) Disease The main disease of Artemisia annua L. is powdery mildew, also known as melon powder disease, which occurs from June to July. The main damage to the leaves, the disease from the old leaves to the new leaves, white powder throughout the whole leaf, is the pathogen bacteria capsule.
Control method: spray with 2 to 3 Baume's stone sulphur mixture for 2 to 3 times; or use wettable powder rust to 500 to 800 times for spraying.
(2) Pests The main pest of Artemisia annua is aphids, which are harmful to young shoots.
Control method: spray with 40% dimethoate emulsifiable concentrate 1000 times.
[harvest processing]
1, harvest
From July to August of the transplanting year, Artemisia annua L. can be harvested in the bud stage. The content of artemisinin in the bud stage is 0.986%-1%, which is suitable for harvesting. At the time of harvest, the whole plant is cut and dried, and the dried leaves are covered with a wooden stick or a curtain, and the impurities and stems are removed, and stored in a dry and ventilated place.
2, processing
Dry leaves of Artemisia scoparia can be directly administered into the medicine in the formula of traditional Chinese medicine. If artemisinin is extracted, the leaves are packaged immediately and shipped to the pharmaceutical factory for extraction of the active ingredients according to a certain process.
[quality of output]
1, production
The drying rate of Artemisia annua L. is 10% to 12%, and 150-250 kg of dry product per mu can be produced.
2, quality
Authentic dry leaves of Artemisia annua L.: no impurities, no stalks, all dry, green.
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