Diagnosis of chicken candidiasis

Avian candidiasis, commonly known as thrush, also known as fungal stomatitis, sour scurvy disease, etc., is caused by Candida albicans digestive diseases of poultry, mainly in chickens, geese and turkeys. It is characterized by the formation of white pseudomembranes and ulcers in the upper gastrointestinal tract mouth, throat, esophagus, and hernia sac membranes. The disease has rarely occurred in recent years.

1 Incidence

One chicken farmer in Gongzhuling City raised 1500 Luoyang chicken hens and began to develop disease at the age of 7 weeks. Vitamin AD3 was added, gentamicin sulfate and erythromycin were administered, and emergency vaccinated chicken pox vaccine was ineffective. In more than 20 days, more than 100 chickens had onset and more than 80 died. After being diagnosed as poultry candidiasis, they were treated with nystatin and copper sulphate drinking water. The condition was quickly controlled.

2 clinical symptoms

The diseased chickens have a lack of energy, a reduced desire for food, loose feathers, and swelled crops. They feel pain when they touch with their hands, and are soft and relaxed. The eyelids and oral horns showed bleb-like lesions. Yellow, white and pseudomembranous membranes were observed on the oral cavity, tongue, and throat mucosa. Some chickens were found to extend into the mouth and breathe. Most diseased chickens had pale or brownish loose stools with incompletely digested feed. People with severe illness die due to suffocation or inability to eat.

3 necropsy changes

In the necropsy chicken, yellow-white cheese-like material or pseudomembrane can be seen in the oral cavity, pharynx and maxillary crevice. It is easily peeled off, leaving scars after peeling. The wall of the hernia sac is thickened, and the mucous layer has grayish attachments. The glands and stomachs are swollen, the nipples are swollen, and the purulent discharge is squeezed out. Some muscle stomach keratolytic membrane ulceration, not easy to peel. Intestinal bleeding and ulcers.

4 Laboratory inspection

4.1 Direct Microscopy

Take the hernia sac, throat and other lesions and scrape smear microscopy, we can see that Gram-positive budding yeast-like spores and pseudomycelium.

4.2 Pathogen isolation and identification

The lesion scrapings were inoculated on the Shabor agar plate and cultured at 37°C for 24 hours at room temperature to produce round, smooth, bulging milky white colonies with slight distiller's grains. After culturing for 48 hours, the colonies became milky-colored and colonies continued to grow. Microscopy can clearly see a large number of thick-film spores, pseudohyphae formation, mycelium width 1.5 ~ 5pm, length is 40 ~ 500pm, spore diameter is 2.5 ~ 5pm. The pathogen was identified as Candida albicans.

4.3 Pathogenicity test

Four healthy 3-month-old rabbits were selected, 2 as the test group and 2 as the control group. The above culture was made into a 10% suspension with physiological saline. The test group received 1 mL of ear vein injection, and the control group received no injection. 24 hours after the challenge, rabbits in the experimental group began to develop, and no abnormalities were observed in the control group. The experimental rabbits were depressed and their body temperature increased 41 to 41.5°C. One rabbit died on the fourth day and the other slaughtered. In the necropsy test, the rabbits showed enlargement of the kidney and scattered miliary abscesses were seen in the cortex of the kidney. Take the tissue culture microscope, see spores and pseudomycelium.

5 Summary and discussion

5.1 The occurrence of the disease is related to many factors such as feed, water pollution, poor sanitation, poor ventilation, and so on. The clinical investigation found that the environment was good in the field. On the first day of the hatchery, in order to control the chicken fleas, continuous use of drugs such as norfloxacin, gentamycin, and chloramphenicol was conducted. The occurrence of this disease may be accompanied by the extensive use of antibiotics, which will destroy the normally antagonistic bacterial flora in the digestive tract and cause fungal unilateral proliferation.

5.2 The disease is clinically confused with mucosal fowl pox. When misdiagnosed with mucosal fowl pox, it is often an emergency stimulant for fowlpox vaccine. This not only causes a waste of human and material resources, but also upsets the normal planned immunization procedure. Therefore, attention should be paid to the identification of mucosal fowlpox in clinical practice.

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