Application of isotope techniques in ecology
2020-11-05 12:16:11
How to apply stable isotope in ecological and environmental science research? (From ibcas SELLER)
The emergence of stable isotope techniques has deepened ecologists' understanding of ecosystem processes, allowing ecologists to explore issues that other methods cannot study. Just as modern molecular biotechnology has greatly promoted the study of genes, biochemistry and evolutionary biology, stable isotope techniques have also had an important impact on ecological research. By using stable isotope techniques, ecologists can measure many ecological processes that change over time without disturbing the natural state of the ecosystem and the nature of the elements. In the past decade or so, some of the most remarkable advances in ecological and environmental science have relied on stable isotope techniques, which can be used to solve many of the problems of ecological and environmental sciences. include:
1. How plants can effectively use water (13C)
2. Which level of soil does the plant obtain from the soil (18O, 2H)
3. Relative nitrogen ratio (15N) obtained by plants using nitrogen to fix or absorb soil NH4+ and NO3-
4. How to determine the carbon and nitrogen turnover rate in soil (13C, 15N)
5. Distinguish the source of CO2 released by soil respiration (plant roots or soil microbes) (13C, 18O)
6. Distinguish the relative contribution of photosynthesis and respiration to net ecosystem CO2 exchange or NEE (13C, 18O)
7. Distinguish the relative contribution of transpiration and evaporation to net ecosystem water exchange or evapotranspiration (ET) (2H, 18O) 8. Determine the source of N2O (nitrifying bacteria or denitrifying bacteria) (15N, 18O)
9. Identify the source of food for primary consumers (13C, 34S)
10. Determine the length of the food chain (15N)
11. How to determine the source of air and water pollutants (15N, 34S, 18O)
12. Determine the contribution of urban energy consumption to atmospheric CO2, CO and nitride ((13C, 15N, 18O)
13. Determine the migratory route of animals such as migratory birds and butterflies (18O, 2H)
14. Determine whether prehistoric human society uses grain as a food source (13C)
15. Determine the distribution area of ​​the plant (15N, 18O, 2H)
The advantage of stable isotope techniques over other technologies is that they enable quantification of these ecological and environmental science issues and are carried out without interference (eg, environmental hazards without radioisotopes). Some problems can only be solved by using stable isotope techniques. For example, plants in photosynthesis tend to absorb CO2 containing light carbon isotope (12C), the degree of absorption is affected by effective water content and photosynthetic pathways, and water availability and photosynthetic pathways are important characteristics of plants in arid or humid environments. Therefore, the plant 13C composition can reflect the water use efficiency of plants on a time scale. By measuring the composition of plant stem water 2H and 18O, it is also possible to determine the dependence of plants on surface water and deep water. On the other hand, by adding 15NH4+ to the soil and monitoring the dilution rate of 14NH4+, it is possible to determine the mineralization rate of soil organic matter other than nitrification and retention (NH4+ consumption process). Each microbial conversion can be quantified by adding 15N-rich NH4+ or NO3- in situ and monitoring 15N and 14N in the soil.
The emergence of stable isotope techniques has deepened ecologists' understanding of ecosystem processes, allowing ecologists to explore issues that other methods cannot study. Just as modern molecular biotechnology has greatly promoted the study of genes, biochemistry and evolutionary biology, stable isotope techniques have also had an important impact on ecological research. By using stable isotope techniques, ecologists can measure many ecological processes that change over time without disturbing the natural state of the ecosystem and the nature of the elements. In the past decade or so, some of the most remarkable advances in ecological and environmental science have relied on stable isotope techniques, which can be used to solve many of the problems of ecological and environmental sciences. include:
1. How plants can effectively use water (13C)
2. Which level of soil does the plant obtain from the soil (18O, 2H)
3. Relative nitrogen ratio (15N) obtained by plants using nitrogen to fix or absorb soil NH4+ and NO3-
4. How to determine the carbon and nitrogen turnover rate in soil (13C, 15N)
5. Distinguish the source of CO2 released by soil respiration (plant roots or soil microbes) (13C, 18O)
6. Distinguish the relative contribution of photosynthesis and respiration to net ecosystem CO2 exchange or NEE (13C, 18O)
7. Distinguish the relative contribution of transpiration and evaporation to net ecosystem water exchange or evapotranspiration (ET) (2H, 18O) 8. Determine the source of N2O (nitrifying bacteria or denitrifying bacteria) (15N, 18O)
9. Identify the source of food for primary consumers (13C, 34S)
10. Determine the length of the food chain (15N)
11. How to determine the source of air and water pollutants (15N, 34S, 18O)
12. Determine the contribution of urban energy consumption to atmospheric CO2, CO and nitride ((13C, 15N, 18O)
13. Determine the migratory route of animals such as migratory birds and butterflies (18O, 2H)
14. Determine whether prehistoric human society uses grain as a food source (13C)
15. Determine the distribution area of ​​the plant (15N, 18O, 2H)
The advantage of stable isotope techniques over other technologies is that they enable quantification of these ecological and environmental science issues and are carried out without interference (eg, environmental hazards without radioisotopes). Some problems can only be solved by using stable isotope techniques. For example, plants in photosynthesis tend to absorb CO2 containing light carbon isotope (12C), the degree of absorption is affected by effective water content and photosynthetic pathways, and water availability and photosynthetic pathways are important characteristics of plants in arid or humid environments. Therefore, the plant 13C composition can reflect the water use efficiency of plants on a time scale. By measuring the composition of plant stem water 2H and 18O, it is also possible to determine the dependence of plants on surface water and deep water. On the other hand, by adding 15NH4+ to the soil and monitoring the dilution rate of 14NH4+, it is possible to determine the mineralization rate of soil organic matter other than nitrification and retention (NH4+ consumption process). Each microbial conversion can be quantified by adding 15N-rich NH4+ or NO3- in situ and monitoring 15N and 14N in the soil.
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