High-quality walnut production technology
2020-12-18 04:17:04
I. High-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques
1. The longevity of the walnuts in the construction site is long and the root system is deep. It has the characteristics of hi light and deep soil layer. Therefore, when setting up a walnut garden, it is necessary to strictly treat it according to the characteristics of the varieties and the appropriate tree-fitting principle. Especially when building hills in mountainous areas, you should choose gentle hills with leeward sunshine and well-drained gullies. In the gentle slope of the mountainous area, we should first open the ditch along the contour line, repair the terraced fields, do a good job of soil conservation and water storage; on the basis of dividing the community, the flat land should be well-prepared, and the flood control drainage and irrigation works should be well done.
2, planting techniques 1 soil preparation. Regardless of mountains or flat land, soil preparation and fertility must be prepared before planting. When mountain terraces are planted with walnuts, with the experience of Linling Green Ridge, digging planting trenches with 1.2m in depth and 1.5m in depth should be excavated for planting in the soil and 500-600kg of base fertilizer should be applied per acre. Flatland planted walnuts, planting pit should be 1 meter square, backfill as far as possible backfill the topsoil, in the middle of the pit can be mixed with 20~30kg straw fertilizer.
2 planting. Take spring or autumn planting. In the spring, we must do a good job of protection. In the autumn, we must do a good job of protecting the winter. Regardless of the method of soil preparation, it should be planted after watering. Before planting, the roots and roots of the seedlings should be cut off and soaked in water for half a day. When planting, first dig 40cm square pits, put the seedlings into the pit, stretch the root system, layered fill, repair the tree tray, fill enough water until the water seepage, seal with soil. Note that only the underground part of the original soil and seedlings of the nursery stock is buried in the soil, and do not plant too deep. Ten days after planting, pour water and cover with water. A plastic film covering 1 meter around the trunk will not only keep warm and moisturize, but also benefit the survival and growth of young trees.
3 planting density. Walnut planting density should be based on soil, species, fertilizer and water management conditions. In areas with deep soil, good soil quality, and good fertility conditions, the plant and row spacing should be slightly larger, preferably 3m5m to 4m5m, and the slopes and sandy lands with relatively thin soil layer, poor soil quality, and insufficient fertilizer and water. The line spacing should be smaller, preferably 3m4m or 3m5m.
4 pollination tree configuration. Walnuts are monoecious, and their opening times are often inconsistent. To increase yield, 20 to 25% of pollinated trees should be planted. The specific method is: every 3 to 4 rows (strains) can be assigned to a pollination tree.
5 post-plant management. Strengthening post-planting management is an important part of improving the survival rate and promoting the normal growth of the tree. There are three main tasks: First, depending on soil moisture water 2 to 3 times, to ensure normal water supply; Second, the prevention and treatment of pests such as elephant beetles, beetles and other pests feeding, as pests can be sprayed with high efficiency cypermethrin 1000 times for prevention and treatment; Third, in late June, bundled stents were applied to the new shoots of strong varieties with strong tree vigor to prevent windbreaks and damage the trees.
6 change the inferior for the best. If the establishment of a garden uses seedlings, it will be changed from the second year. Sprouts are generally used during the summer, beginning in late May and ending in late June. The scion should be selected as the parent tree of the superior seed tree. The strong growth branches should be used for scion, and the buds should be selected from the straight and smooth part of the middle of the scion. The bud body must be full and full, and the grafting should be followed by grafting. The main seedling seedlings are planted with buds from 30cm to 50cm above the ground surface. Special attention must be paid to the 5 to 7 days before grafting. The garden must be filled with water once. After grafting, the following branches and leaves were all removed, and 2 to 3 summer leaves were picked up and then germinated on the rootstock. When the buds grow to 1cm~2cm, they are cut at 2cm above the interface, and when the buds grow to 3cm~4cm, the plastic strips are released. Twenty days after grafting, the buds were checked for survival. During the regular period of the buds, they could be supplemented if they did not survive. For walnuts that are more than 2 years old, depending on the growth location and growth of the shoots, they can be grafted 30 cm away from the base of the trunk. Two to three scions can be grafted on a robust and long shoot and the resulting branch can be cultivated.
Second, pruning
1, pruning period: walnut pruning period is different from other fruit trees, due to pruning dormancy prone to a large number of wounds, so the pruning period should be in the fruit after harvest to deciduous, spring budding leaf stage.
2, sapling plastic pruning: 1 set dry, because walnuts and other fruit trees have different growth and development characteristics, especially the natural branching angle is larger, it is not appropriate to use truncated branches, in order to ensure that the saplings in the shaping of each shoot growth potential Balanced, in the production of the use of budding secondary dry method. The specific method is: In the spring, the seedlings planted in the spring, the seedlings planted in the fall before the budding in the spring of the second year, leave a strong bud in the main trunk at 50~60cm, and wipe all the buds off its lower branches to concentrate the nutrients. A branch of about 1.2 cm in length was drawn during the year. Before the budding in the spring of the second year, the early-maturing varieties are about 1m in stem height, and the late-cultivated varieties are selected to have a plastic belt with 4 to 6 buds at a stem height of about 1.2m. Wiping away, the second year of planting can produce 4 to 5 robust shoots. 2 Reshaping, on the basis of the secondary wiping and budding method, in the second year of autumn or the third year of spring, the branches that were drawn in the second year should be selected as the main branch extension branch, leaving a short cut of about 50 cm. The main branch of the second floor. For the remaining 3 to 4 shoots, leave as the main branch, the length of which is 50cm above the 50cm short cut, culture results sticks, less than 50cm dumping. In the third year of the fall or the fourth year of spring, the main extension branch is no longer short-circuited. The branch with the length of the second main branch that is pumped above the upper branch is 50 cm shorter and less than 50 cm. Extruding the extension branch to the lower main branch; use a short cut, retraction method to trim the resulting branch group, so that after four years of growth, the young tree is basically formed.
3. The method of pruning trees is as follows: 1 pruning of the branches and peripheral branches, timely retracting the weak downward drooping stems, raising the angle; the internal crowding can be properly sparse and retracted to improve the ventilation of the crown. Conditions, to achieve "the outer side is not crowded, not empty inside." 2 Results The cultivation and updating of sticks. Generally, the method of putting in and retracting firstly is adopted. The position of the branch group is preferably an anticline branch, and the back upper branch group is also available, but the back branch group is not left. The renewal of sticks should adopt the methods of shrinking and sparse cutting, that is, to stay on, to stay strong, to stay long and stay strong, and to control the branches in a certain range so that they do not affect the growth of the main branch. 3 behind the treatment of branches. As a result of the walnuts, the branches on the back of the branches were weak, and the branches behind them quickly turned prosperous, forming the phenomenon of “head to head†in the main branch. Treatment method: For the original branch opening angle is smaller, you can cut the original head and replace it with the back branch. When the original branch opening angle is suitable or larger, the back branch should be retracted or removed. The use of 4 long branches. Appropriate short cuts and toppings are made for the leggy branches with a certain growth space, and the cultivation and transformation into sticks will be supplemented to fill the gaps and increase production.
Third, soil fertilizer management
1. Soil plowing: Soil plowing is one of the important measures to improve the soil. Ploughing can ripen the soil and improve soil structure. The soil is turned deeper after the fruit is harvested and before the leaves fall. Shallow turning can be carried out in the spring and autumn. The method is to use the tree as the center, plowing the tree or plowing the whole garden. Weeding and weeding are carried out 3 to 5 times a year in the growing season, and especially during the rainy season, weeding and weeding are required.
2. Fertilization; Basal fertilizer is mainly organic fertilizer, which is an effective measure to improve soil, maintain water and soil, and increase soil organic matter content in mountainous areas and hilly orchards. Cover grass thickness is generally 20 ~ 25cm, half of the rot grass before the rainy season as well. Apply as soon as possible after the fruit is harvested and before it is fallen. Fertilizer amount, young tree 25kg / strain ~ 50kg / strain, early fruit tree 50kg / strain ~ 100kg / strain, full fruit tree 150kg / strain ~ 200kg / strain. Top dressing is quick-acting fertilizers. Early-age walnut pre-harvest fertilizers were chase once before and after flowering. Late-major walnuts were chased once during the early and late stages of leaf development. Each plant applies 0.1~0.3kg urea and 0.2~0.5kg compound fertilizer. During the result period, top dressing increased with age and yield, with 1-2 kg of urea and 4-6 kg of compound fertilizer per plant. Before the spring sprout, topdressing available N and P fertilizers accounted for about half of the annual top-dressing amount; the second top-dressing accounted for about one-third of the annual fertilization amount; and the third time after the hard core of the fruit, phosphorus fertilizer was used as Lord, the top dressing amount accounts for 20% of the whole year.
3. Irrigation: Irrigation time, frequency, and quantity should be based on soil moisture status and tree development. Usually four times a year irrigation, the first irrigation before and after the spring walnut sprout; the second irrigation before the beginning of summer flower bud differentiation and hard-shell period; the third time after the fruit is harvested until the implementation of the leaf, combined with autumn fertilization Irrigation once permeable. For the fourth time, before thawing and freezing, the frozen water shall be well sealed to prevent the trees from drawing due to freezing injury.
In the years when the precipitation is high, in the season where the precipitation concentrates, it is necessary to dig trenches in places where water can easily accumulate.
Fourth, flower and fruit management
1, Shuxiong. Most walnut varieties are male. Therefore, we must properly eliminate excessive male flower buds to save nutrients in the tree and increase fruit setting rate. Male flower buds were manually removed before the male buds sprouted. The spawning strength is to retain about 5% of the healthy male flower buds in different parts of the canopy, and the remaining sparse.
2, thinning fruit. Within one month after flowering period, after physiological fruiting. The strength of thinning fruit is flexibly controlled according to the site conditions and the condition of the walnut tree. Generally, the site condition is medium or above and the tree top is in the middle. The tree projection area per square meter leaves 60-80 fruits; the walnut tree with good site conditions and strong tree vigor , 80-100 projections per square meter of tree crown. When the fruit is thinned, the fruit and insects will be removed first, and then the choice will be made based on the principle of balanced distribution of the fruit in various parts of the canopy.
V. Harvesting and fruit processing When the whole tree fruit has 1/3 of the green peel, it can be harvested. Hebei's walnuts are generally mature before and after the White Dew Festival. Must not be harvested early, otherwise the fruit quality is poor and the green skin is difficult to fall off. After the fruit is harvested, unpeeled nuts are weighed with 500 times ethephon and covered with a plastic sheet for 3 days to facilitate peeling.
Sixth, pest control walnut limb moth (common name walnut black): the prevention and control period of soil before freezing, from mid-June to early July adult spawning period, in mid-July larvae before the beginning of fruit removal. Control methods: 1. Remove litters and weeds under the canopy of the soil before freezing, scrape off the old skin of the base of the trunk, and burn them in a concentrated manner. Plough the soil under the trees to eliminate some of the overwintering larvae; 2. Enter the adults In the spawning period, 10% of cypermethrin EC is sprayed every 10 days to 15 days, 1500 to 2500 times, and 15% of IPA is 3000 to 4000 times. 3. Before the larvae are de-fruited, the harvested fruit is harvested, and the collected fruit is collected. , concentrate deep and reduce the population density.
Gypsy moth: The period of prevention and treatment is before budding and the beginning of larvae damage from April to May. Control methods: 1, manual collection of egg pieces; 2, 1 day to 3 days before germination and the larvae damage period, trunk with 2.5% enemies to kill 100 liquid coating poison ring, the tree under the deduction slate, etc.; 3, larvae damage the tree Spraying 20% ​​of the speed of killing Ding 3000~4000 times, 20% of Lössben 1500~2000 times, 25% of diflubenzuron 2000~3000 times.
Tianniu: The main damage to the trunk and the presence of wormholes. Injection of dimethoate or methamidophos by syringe.
The main diseases of walnut are rot, branch blight, and brown spot. The main methods of prevention and control are as follows: 1. Before the winter, the dead leaves and diseased fruits are concentrated and reduced to reduce the source of diseases, and the trunk is painted white. 2. During the growing season, the diseased spot was found to be scraped in time. After scraping, 5 degree lime sulfur was applied and disinfected. 3, spraying fungicides 1:2:200 Bordeaux mixture, thiophene, carbendazim, mancozeb, etc.
1. The longevity of the walnuts in the construction site is long and the root system is deep. It has the characteristics of hi light and deep soil layer. Therefore, when setting up a walnut garden, it is necessary to strictly treat it according to the characteristics of the varieties and the appropriate tree-fitting principle. Especially when building hills in mountainous areas, you should choose gentle hills with leeward sunshine and well-drained gullies. In the gentle slope of the mountainous area, we should first open the ditch along the contour line, repair the terraced fields, do a good job of soil conservation and water storage; on the basis of dividing the community, the flat land should be well-prepared, and the flood control drainage and irrigation works should be well done.
2, planting techniques 1 soil preparation. Regardless of mountains or flat land, soil preparation and fertility must be prepared before planting. When mountain terraces are planted with walnuts, with the experience of Linling Green Ridge, digging planting trenches with 1.2m in depth and 1.5m in depth should be excavated for planting in the soil and 500-600kg of base fertilizer should be applied per acre. Flatland planted walnuts, planting pit should be 1 meter square, backfill as far as possible backfill the topsoil, in the middle of the pit can be mixed with 20~30kg straw fertilizer.
2 planting. Take spring or autumn planting. In the spring, we must do a good job of protection. In the autumn, we must do a good job of protecting the winter. Regardless of the method of soil preparation, it should be planted after watering. Before planting, the roots and roots of the seedlings should be cut off and soaked in water for half a day. When planting, first dig 40cm square pits, put the seedlings into the pit, stretch the root system, layered fill, repair the tree tray, fill enough water until the water seepage, seal with soil. Note that only the underground part of the original soil and seedlings of the nursery stock is buried in the soil, and do not plant too deep. Ten days after planting, pour water and cover with water. A plastic film covering 1 meter around the trunk will not only keep warm and moisturize, but also benefit the survival and growth of young trees.
3 planting density. Walnut planting density should be based on soil, species, fertilizer and water management conditions. In areas with deep soil, good soil quality, and good fertility conditions, the plant and row spacing should be slightly larger, preferably 3m5m to 4m5m, and the slopes and sandy lands with relatively thin soil layer, poor soil quality, and insufficient fertilizer and water. The line spacing should be smaller, preferably 3m4m or 3m5m.
4 pollination tree configuration. Walnuts are monoecious, and their opening times are often inconsistent. To increase yield, 20 to 25% of pollinated trees should be planted. The specific method is: every 3 to 4 rows (strains) can be assigned to a pollination tree.
5 post-plant management. Strengthening post-planting management is an important part of improving the survival rate and promoting the normal growth of the tree. There are three main tasks: First, depending on soil moisture water 2 to 3 times, to ensure normal water supply; Second, the prevention and treatment of pests such as elephant beetles, beetles and other pests feeding, as pests can be sprayed with high efficiency cypermethrin 1000 times for prevention and treatment; Third, in late June, bundled stents were applied to the new shoots of strong varieties with strong tree vigor to prevent windbreaks and damage the trees.
6 change the inferior for the best. If the establishment of a garden uses seedlings, it will be changed from the second year. Sprouts are generally used during the summer, beginning in late May and ending in late June. The scion should be selected as the parent tree of the superior seed tree. The strong growth branches should be used for scion, and the buds should be selected from the straight and smooth part of the middle of the scion. The bud body must be full and full, and the grafting should be followed by grafting. The main seedling seedlings are planted with buds from 30cm to 50cm above the ground surface. Special attention must be paid to the 5 to 7 days before grafting. The garden must be filled with water once. After grafting, the following branches and leaves were all removed, and 2 to 3 summer leaves were picked up and then germinated on the rootstock. When the buds grow to 1cm~2cm, they are cut at 2cm above the interface, and when the buds grow to 3cm~4cm, the plastic strips are released. Twenty days after grafting, the buds were checked for survival. During the regular period of the buds, they could be supplemented if they did not survive. For walnuts that are more than 2 years old, depending on the growth location and growth of the shoots, they can be grafted 30 cm away from the base of the trunk. Two to three scions can be grafted on a robust and long shoot and the resulting branch can be cultivated.
Second, pruning
1, pruning period: walnut pruning period is different from other fruit trees, due to pruning dormancy prone to a large number of wounds, so the pruning period should be in the fruit after harvest to deciduous, spring budding leaf stage.
2, sapling plastic pruning: 1 set dry, because walnuts and other fruit trees have different growth and development characteristics, especially the natural branching angle is larger, it is not appropriate to use truncated branches, in order to ensure that the saplings in the shaping of each shoot growth potential Balanced, in the production of the use of budding secondary dry method. The specific method is: In the spring, the seedlings planted in the spring, the seedlings planted in the fall before the budding in the spring of the second year, leave a strong bud in the main trunk at 50~60cm, and wipe all the buds off its lower branches to concentrate the nutrients. A branch of about 1.2 cm in length was drawn during the year. Before the budding in the spring of the second year, the early-maturing varieties are about 1m in stem height, and the late-cultivated varieties are selected to have a plastic belt with 4 to 6 buds at a stem height of about 1.2m. Wiping away, the second year of planting can produce 4 to 5 robust shoots. 2 Reshaping, on the basis of the secondary wiping and budding method, in the second year of autumn or the third year of spring, the branches that were drawn in the second year should be selected as the main branch extension branch, leaving a short cut of about 50 cm. The main branch of the second floor. For the remaining 3 to 4 shoots, leave as the main branch, the length of which is 50cm above the 50cm short cut, culture results sticks, less than 50cm dumping. In the third year of the fall or the fourth year of spring, the main extension branch is no longer short-circuited. The branch with the length of the second main branch that is pumped above the upper branch is 50 cm shorter and less than 50 cm. Extruding the extension branch to the lower main branch; use a short cut, retraction method to trim the resulting branch group, so that after four years of growth, the young tree is basically formed.
3. The method of pruning trees is as follows: 1 pruning of the branches and peripheral branches, timely retracting the weak downward drooping stems, raising the angle; the internal crowding can be properly sparse and retracted to improve the ventilation of the crown. Conditions, to achieve "the outer side is not crowded, not empty inside." 2 Results The cultivation and updating of sticks. Generally, the method of putting in and retracting firstly is adopted. The position of the branch group is preferably an anticline branch, and the back upper branch group is also available, but the back branch group is not left. The renewal of sticks should adopt the methods of shrinking and sparse cutting, that is, to stay on, to stay strong, to stay long and stay strong, and to control the branches in a certain range so that they do not affect the growth of the main branch. 3 behind the treatment of branches. As a result of the walnuts, the branches on the back of the branches were weak, and the branches behind them quickly turned prosperous, forming the phenomenon of “head to head†in the main branch. Treatment method: For the original branch opening angle is smaller, you can cut the original head and replace it with the back branch. When the original branch opening angle is suitable or larger, the back branch should be retracted or removed. The use of 4 long branches. Appropriate short cuts and toppings are made for the leggy branches with a certain growth space, and the cultivation and transformation into sticks will be supplemented to fill the gaps and increase production.
Third, soil fertilizer management
1. Soil plowing: Soil plowing is one of the important measures to improve the soil. Ploughing can ripen the soil and improve soil structure. The soil is turned deeper after the fruit is harvested and before the leaves fall. Shallow turning can be carried out in the spring and autumn. The method is to use the tree as the center, plowing the tree or plowing the whole garden. Weeding and weeding are carried out 3 to 5 times a year in the growing season, and especially during the rainy season, weeding and weeding are required.
2. Fertilization; Basal fertilizer is mainly organic fertilizer, which is an effective measure to improve soil, maintain water and soil, and increase soil organic matter content in mountainous areas and hilly orchards. Cover grass thickness is generally 20 ~ 25cm, half of the rot grass before the rainy season as well. Apply as soon as possible after the fruit is harvested and before it is fallen. Fertilizer amount, young tree 25kg / strain ~ 50kg / strain, early fruit tree 50kg / strain ~ 100kg / strain, full fruit tree 150kg / strain ~ 200kg / strain. Top dressing is quick-acting fertilizers. Early-age walnut pre-harvest fertilizers were chase once before and after flowering. Late-major walnuts were chased once during the early and late stages of leaf development. Each plant applies 0.1~0.3kg urea and 0.2~0.5kg compound fertilizer. During the result period, top dressing increased with age and yield, with 1-2 kg of urea and 4-6 kg of compound fertilizer per plant. Before the spring sprout, topdressing available N and P fertilizers accounted for about half of the annual top-dressing amount; the second top-dressing accounted for about one-third of the annual fertilization amount; and the third time after the hard core of the fruit, phosphorus fertilizer was used as Lord, the top dressing amount accounts for 20% of the whole year.
3. Irrigation: Irrigation time, frequency, and quantity should be based on soil moisture status and tree development. Usually four times a year irrigation, the first irrigation before and after the spring walnut sprout; the second irrigation before the beginning of summer flower bud differentiation and hard-shell period; the third time after the fruit is harvested until the implementation of the leaf, combined with autumn fertilization Irrigation once permeable. For the fourth time, before thawing and freezing, the frozen water shall be well sealed to prevent the trees from drawing due to freezing injury.
In the years when the precipitation is high, in the season where the precipitation concentrates, it is necessary to dig trenches in places where water can easily accumulate.
Fourth, flower and fruit management
1, Shuxiong. Most walnut varieties are male. Therefore, we must properly eliminate excessive male flower buds to save nutrients in the tree and increase fruit setting rate. Male flower buds were manually removed before the male buds sprouted. The spawning strength is to retain about 5% of the healthy male flower buds in different parts of the canopy, and the remaining sparse.
2, thinning fruit. Within one month after flowering period, after physiological fruiting. The strength of thinning fruit is flexibly controlled according to the site conditions and the condition of the walnut tree. Generally, the site condition is medium or above and the tree top is in the middle. The tree projection area per square meter leaves 60-80 fruits; the walnut tree with good site conditions and strong tree vigor , 80-100 projections per square meter of tree crown. When the fruit is thinned, the fruit and insects will be removed first, and then the choice will be made based on the principle of balanced distribution of the fruit in various parts of the canopy.
V. Harvesting and fruit processing When the whole tree fruit has 1/3 of the green peel, it can be harvested. Hebei's walnuts are generally mature before and after the White Dew Festival. Must not be harvested early, otherwise the fruit quality is poor and the green skin is difficult to fall off. After the fruit is harvested, unpeeled nuts are weighed with 500 times ethephon and covered with a plastic sheet for 3 days to facilitate peeling.
Sixth, pest control walnut limb moth (common name walnut black): the prevention and control period of soil before freezing, from mid-June to early July adult spawning period, in mid-July larvae before the beginning of fruit removal. Control methods: 1. Remove litters and weeds under the canopy of the soil before freezing, scrape off the old skin of the base of the trunk, and burn them in a concentrated manner. Plough the soil under the trees to eliminate some of the overwintering larvae; 2. Enter the adults In the spawning period, 10% of cypermethrin EC is sprayed every 10 days to 15 days, 1500 to 2500 times, and 15% of IPA is 3000 to 4000 times. 3. Before the larvae are de-fruited, the harvested fruit is harvested, and the collected fruit is collected. , concentrate deep and reduce the population density.
Gypsy moth: The period of prevention and treatment is before budding and the beginning of larvae damage from April to May. Control methods: 1, manual collection of egg pieces; 2, 1 day to 3 days before germination and the larvae damage period, trunk with 2.5% enemies to kill 100 liquid coating poison ring, the tree under the deduction slate, etc.; 3, larvae damage the tree Spraying 20% ​​of the speed of killing Ding 3000~4000 times, 20% of Lössben 1500~2000 times, 25% of diflubenzuron 2000~3000 times.
Tianniu: The main damage to the trunk and the presence of wormholes. Injection of dimethoate or methamidophos by syringe.
The main diseases of walnut are rot, branch blight, and brown spot. The main methods of prevention and control are as follows: 1. Before the winter, the dead leaves and diseased fruits are concentrated and reduced to reduce the source of diseases, and the trunk is painted white. 2. During the growing season, the diseased spot was found to be scraped in time. After scraping, 5 degree lime sulfur was applied and disinfected. 3, spraying fungicides 1:2:200 Bordeaux mixture, thiophene, carbendazim, mancozeb, etc.
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