Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Tea Plant Diseases and Insect Pests

1. Principles of comprehensive prevention and control and coordination According to the succession rules of insect populations in tea gardens at home and abroad in the past half century, a large number of non-selected pesticide species are used. Blindly increasing the concentration of pesticides and increasing the number of sprays will lead to a variety of insects in tea gardens. The disequilibrium among groups, the population of natural enemies of insect pests was suppressed, and the composition of insect fauna in tea gardens changed, causing a certain outbreak of pests and diseases. To effectively control pest populations, pesticide control, chemical control, and biological control measures must be coordinated, not just the mechanical improvisation of the three. The correct understanding of integrated prevention and control should be viewed as an ecological issue, organically and coordinately applying various prevention and control measures so that they complement each other, and at the same time, make the measures harmonize with environmental factors because the tea plantation ecosystem is composed of complex organisms. Community composition, in this ecosystem, the changes of any one component will directly or indirectly affect the stability of the entire system, thus affecting the length of the pest population. Therefore, the purpose of comprehensive prevention and control should be to coordinate the population as much as possible according to the population dynamics of pests and their associated environmental relationships, and to use appropriate technologies and methods in order to control populations and keep the population density of insects and insects below the level of economic hazards. This does not require the complete elimination of various pests, because it is actually unrealistic, and it will both increase the cost of prevention and control, and at the same time it will also be a costly elimination of natural enemies. Practice has proved that keeping the number of pests and insects below the economic hazard level will not cause economic losses. Instead, it provides food for natural enemy insects, which helps balance the pest population in the tea garden ecosystem. Only on this principle can prevention and control indicators be determined based on the population density level that causes various economic risks for pests and diseases. Chemical prevention and control should only be conducted under the necessary conditions and conditions to reduce the amount of chemical pesticides and make adjustment of environmental factors as far as possible. Unaffected or less damaged. In carrying out pest control work, we must conscientiously implement the principle of "prevention first, comprehensive prevention and control." Its basic implication is to highlight the principle of prevention as its main principle. Under the premise of strict implementation of phytosanitary measures, we must adhere to the principle of agricultural prevention and control, and proceed from the overall perspective of agricultural production to include pests and diseases, crops, farming systems, beneficial organisms, and the environment. The dialectical relationship between various factors, the appropriate application of various necessary prevention and control measures based on local conditions, economic, safe and effective control of pests and diseases. 2. Contents of comprehensive prevention and treatment The tea plant diseases and insect pests basically have the following four approaches: (1) Changing the compositional phases of the tea plantation biocommunities reduces the types and numbers of pests and pathogens, and increases the types and numbers of beneficial organisms. (2) Change the nutrition, development and reproduction conditions of various groups in the biological community so that it is not conducive to pests and pathogens and is beneficial to natural enemies. (3) To improve the pest resistance and disease resistance of tea plants against pests and diseases. (4) directly eliminate tea plant pests. Tea plant pest control methods, according to its nature can be divided into: 1 agricultural control 2 chemical control, 3 biological control. There is no clear demarcation line between the three types of control methods, such as the selection of disease-resistant and resistant varieties, which are included in agricultural control in China, but they are also included in biological control in foreign countries. Microbial agents are used to prevent and control biological pests in the genus, but at present, many microbial preparations have become commodity production and can also be included in chemical control. Therefore, these control methods are by no means isolated from each other. (1) Agricultural prevention and control Agricultural control involves the targeted orientation change of certain environmental factors from diseases, insect pests, tea plants, and intricate environmental conditions, so as to prevent the occurrence and damage of pests and diseases, and to protect tea plants. The purpose of pest control. Agricultural control is the foundation of comprehensive prevention and control. It includes rich content. Breeding pest resistant cultivars is an important measure in the prevention and control of tea pests. Different degrees of resistance of different tea cultivars to various pests and diseases are the fight of tea trees against pathogenic microorganisms and pest populations over a long period of history. As a result of the adaptation, people can accelerate the stability and utilization of this trait through selection, hybridization, and directional cultivation. It is well known that the general leaf species are more susceptible to tea leaf disease, leaf blight, anthracnose, and other leaf diseases than the leaflets. In the past, people often simply used the content of a certain component of tea as their resistance. The mechanism of sexuality, modern plant pathophysiology studies have shown that this is a comprehensive manifestation of a variety of resistance mechanisms, it is impossible to use a simple biochemical composition as an explanation of this resistance mechanism. The selection of insect-resistant varieties has become more and more important for people. Yunnan Dayejia and Guangxi Gaojiao Tea have strong resistance to insects in the southwestern tea region of China. The selected breeding lines such as 415, 416, and 419 also have strong resistance to tea aphids. Tea garden management technology directly affects the growth and development of tea plants and their resistance to diseases and insect pests. At the same time, as it directly changes the ecological environment of the tea plantation, it indirectly influences the number of insects in the tea garden. The winter clearing garden has a great influence on the entire tea garden pest and flora. Its content is to trim off the diseased branches, slender vaginal branches and side branches, to sweep underground litter, and to eradicate weeds that hide overwintering pests in gardens and gardens. These have a certain effect on eradicating overwintering pests and reducing the base number for the second year. Tillage cultivation, drought and moisturizing, reasonable fertilization and diligent weed removal are the basic contents in the management of tea gardens. They are not only necessary for the high yield and quality of tea plants, but also important for the comprehensive prevention and control of tea plant diseases and pests. In combination with autumn deep turning, overwintering pests in wheat and leaf litter (such as tea worms, flat moths, larvae of tea weevil) and various pathogens (such as tea leaf blight, anthracnose, etc.) When buried deep in the soil and died, overwintering pests (such as crickets and tiger larvae) in deep soils can be exposed to the surface and die. Moisture resistance during drought resistance can enhance tea plant resistance to diseases and insect pests. Drought is often the cause of diseases such as tea leaf blight, tea leaf spot disease, and tea seedling disease. Therefore, drought resistance and moisturization play an indirect role in the above pests and diseases. The control effect. Rational fertilization not only relates to soil improvement, tea tree growth and development, but also indirectly affects the occurrence of pests. For example, ticks and cockroaches belong to sucking mouthpart pests that are indigested by the intestines. They can only directly use the ready-made simple compounds in plants as a nutrient, while the lack of tube can decompose complex compounds into simple compounds in the body. Fertility and nutritional status are more closely related to other pests. The relationship between fertilization and tea disease has been clearly established. Nitrogen fertilizers generally increase the susceptibility to disease, and increasing phosphorus and potassium fertilizers can improve disease resistance. Tea garden drainage has significant preventive effects on various diseases (especially various root diseases such as tea red root disease, tea purple plume disease, etc.), and it also has certain inhibition on algae spot disease, tea long cotton aphid, and blackthorn whitefly. effect. The cultivating and weeding can not only maintain the soil strength, reduce the evaporation of soil moisture, promote the robust growth of tea trees, clear the hidden places of many diseases and insects, and some kinds of pests (such as tea aphid, flat moth, Tea tree weevil, tea leaf weevil, etc.) can expose the soil surface or be directly destroyed by cultivating. Diligent weed removal can reduce the damage of small green leafhoppers. In particular, the removal of weeds before chemical control can improve the control effect. Picking is a key technology in the management of tea gardens, and it also plays a role in the prevention and control of certain pests. The eggs of the small green leafhopper and the beetle wax larvae are produced in tender shoots of new shoots. Therefore, timely picking can ensure the quality of shoots on the one hand, and a large number of eggs can be harvested at the same time to play a preventive and therapeutic role. Tea moth eggs are produced on the back of young leaves and picked in time, which can reduce the population density of the insects. Trimming Taiwan is also an important measure for the cultivation of tea trees, and it also has a significant effect in reducing pests and diseases. For example, drill pests and stem diseases can be controlled by cutting and cutting pests and branches. The tea trees that are seriously damaged by various species of crickets, such as Changbai and Tortoise, can be thoroughly controlled by spraying together with Taiwanese wolfberry. (2) Chemical prevention and control Chemical control plays an important role in ensuring the high yield and quality of tea. It has the advantages of quick-acting, easy-to-use, and small impact on environmental conditions. Since the 1960s, however, long-acting organochlorine pesticides have been discovered. High levels of residues in various animal and plant species, foods, and the environment, and subsequently discovered that many pesticides may cause cancer, teratogenicity, and mutagenesis, together with the non-selective killing effect of chemical pesticides on beneficial biological populations of natural enemies. The shortcomings such as the emergence of disease resistance and insecticide resistance have caused people to worry about the future of chemical prevention and control. It should be pointed out that from the perspective of the development of the entire chemical prevention and control, in the foreseeable future, it will still play an important role in the control of pests and diseases of crops (including tea) and become an important part of comprehensive prevention and control. . Of course, any pesticide has the same process of metabolism and development as any other thing. The new alternative to the old one is the objective law for the development of anything. DDT and pesticides such as 666 have played a significant role in the past three decades since its use. However, long-term practice has proved that there are also many shortcomings. It is appropriate to replace old and long-lasting varieties with high-efficiency, low-toxicity, low-residue new pesticides, especially for drinking teas, which prohibit the use of drip-feeding, six Sixty-six equal-height residue varieties and 1605, 1059 and other highly toxic varieties are absolutely necessary. The selection of pesticides in tea production must take into account the characteristics of the tea. In general, in addition to having features such as high efficiency, broad spectrum, and low toxicity to humans and livestock, it must also be taken into account that tea plants have the following characteristics that several other crops do not have: 1 Tea is a beverage, and it has color, fragrance and taste. A strict requirement, which requires that pesticide species have no adverse impact on the quality of tea; 2 tea tree is a continuous harvest of crops throughout the year, generally every 7-10 days harvest once, this and general crops The situation of harvesting once or a few times a year is different. This requires that pesticide residues cannot be too long in the tea leaves after spraying; 3 Tea tree harvested parts are directly sprayed and the fresh leaves collected are not washed. It is directly processed into tea, and people use boiling water to soak and extract the tea for many times. This requires that the pesticide residues in the tea leaves and the water leaching rate be given sufficient attention and consideration. According to the results of the research on the screening of drug efficacy and the amount of residue carried out by the research units and production units in China for many years, it was pointed out that any excellent pesticide species can only display the excellent performance under the premise of safe and reasonable use, and therefore strictly abide by safe and reasonable use. Standards, according to the provisions of the amount, concentration and picking after a certain safety interval is necessary. (3) Biological control Biological control generally refers to the use of insectivorous insects, parasitic insects, pathogenic microorganisms, or other biological enemies to control, suppress, and eradicate pests and diseases. It has the advantages of being non-toxic to humans and animals, not polluting the environment, having no adverse effects on crops and other organisms, and having a relatively long-term effect. The disadvantage is that natural enemies themselves are also a kind of organism, which is greatly affected by the environment, and the reproduction of some species. And feeding is more complicated, in addition there is a certain contradiction with chemical control. Biological control has a broad future. Nature provides biological resources for biological control. According to a survey conducted by the Guizhou Tantan Tea Research Institute, more than 160 natural enemy insects in tea gardens, more than 20 species of entomopathogenic bacteria, and more than 50 species of predatory spiders were found to be beneficial to birds, beasts, and frogs. The two provinces of Zhejiang and Anhui released Apantelessp. and Trichogramma and Trichogrammaevanescns Westwood, respectively, and achieved good results. Zhejiang, Guizhou, and other provinces have used the Chilocorus keuoanae Silvestri to control the white peony root and cocoon pupa, which has a significant effect. Anhui Province investigated the natural parasitism rates of two parasitoids, Microterysclauseri and Anicetus sp. parasitoids parasitizing wax moths, and averaged 19.45. % and 10-22.47%, the highest parasitic rate of up to 76.54%. In the treatment of insects by bacteria, the use of Beauveria bassiana, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Bacillus anthracis to control various leaf-feeding larvae of Lepidoptera have also yielded certain results in the provinces of Anhui and Hunan. Beauveria bassiana has a small concentration of 100 million spores per milliliter. Green leafhoppers also have good control effects, and the parasitic rate can reach 50-100% under humid climate conditions. A Cordyceps sp. isolated from the larva of tea worms in the field has obtained good results both in laboratory and in field trials in Yunnan; it has been isolated from pods and lice in fields in Yunnan Province. A garden fungus (Entomophthorasphaerosperma) has a natural morbidity rate of about 20% in the field. A nuclear polyhedrosis virus was isolated from the larvae of tea caterpillar larvae and the larvae of Anisoptera yunnanensis in Guizhou Province. Has strong pathogenicity. Of course, the biological control of tea pests and diseases is far from the beginning stage of the ascendant, but it can be expected that biological control will play an increasingly important role in the comprehensive prevention and control of tea pests and diseases. Excerpt from: Tea cultivation techniques

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