Diseases and Control of Amomum Plants
2018-04-24 16:00:56
Amomum is a Zingibe raceae plant of the family Zingiberaceae. There are about 150 species in the world, distributed in Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, India and Africa in Asia. And China has 29 species and 2 varieties. At present, the domestic varieties that can be used for medicinal purposes are mainly Amomum longiligulare, A.tsao-ko, A.villosum Lour., A.villosum var., and A.thyrosideum. , Hainan Tusha A.chinense and so on. Seeds of Amomum vulgare are mature and rich in volatile oil. They have been used as seeds for medicinal purposes. They have damp and damp appetizing, warm spleen and diarrhea, and have a good effect on qi and tocolysis. They are used for dampness and turbidity, they are not hunger, and the spleen and stomach are deficient. , vomiting, diarrhea, pregnancy resistance, fetal movement disturbed. It grows mainly in the shade of forests in the tropical and subtropical regions of Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hainan and Fujian provinces. It requires high temperature and humidity during the growth process. Now it is a disease and prevention and control of plants of the genus Amomum. Overview.
1, the main disease
1.1 Anthrax Glom erella cingulata
Ascomycetes, lesions mostly from the tip of the leaf or leaf margin, the beginning of a dark green water-stained dots, after the gray, and then turned into a gray-brown, was like a moire, the edge of dark brown, withered white in the middle. When the humidity is high, many small black spots are produced on the lesions, ie, the ascostic shells of the pathogenic bacteria, the ascaria shells are on both sides, scattered, nearly spherical or flask-shaped, and the shell walls are black; the asccus is inverted stick-shaped or long-spindle-shaped and no side wires are seen. : ascospores colorless, unit cells, elliptic or long ovate, slightly curved. On the lesions of Amomum villosum, it is often seen that they are mixed with the asexual Colle totrichum gloe ospori oides. The disease mostly occurs in autumn and winter, with poor soil, insufficient basal fertilizer, too much available nitrogen, and unconcealed land. The incidence is heavier, and more rain and high humidity are conducive to the spread of diseases.
1.2 Amomum leaf spot Gonatopyricularia amomi
A pathogenic fungus belonging to the genus Imperfecta and Rhizoctonia is seen in plants such as Amomum villosum, Hainan shell Amomum, and Amomum villosum. It mainly occurs in leaves, but it can also damage leaf sheaths. On the leaves of villosum membranacea, there were faded green dots at the early stage of disease and gradually expanded into round or irregular water-spotted lesions with indistinct edges; while the initial lesions of Amomum villosum and Amomum villosum were formed by many arcs. The water-stained pattern consists of a nearly circular flower-like pattern with a clear junction with the Ministry of Health (without disease-free parts). Afterwards, it develops into a water-stained, spot-like spot. The center of the late lesion is gray, with dark brown edges and high humidity. Both sides of the lesion have a gray moldy layer on both sides. In severe cases, the upper leaf expands and spreads from the lower part, eventually causing a large number of leaves to dry and die. The conidiophore stalk is dark brown in color, slightly lighter in tip, thicker than hyphae, unbranched, with septum, several inflated nodes at the top and middle, and 3 to 8 conical or cylindrical sections. The teeth (ie, sporulated cells) have a distinct separation of teeth, with 1 conidium on each tooth, making the spores in each swollen node clustered, the conidia inverted and pear shaped, 2 separated at maturity. The cells at both ends are colorless, the middle cells are light brown, and there are no umbilicus at the base. The disease can occur throughout the year, with two peak periods from September to October and March of the following year. This leaves a large number of leaves dry. Planting sites with extensive management, poor soil, insufficient cover, and poor plant growth are seriously damaged. It is the source of the initial infection of this disease.
1.3 Speckled Leptosphaeria Im giberi
In ascomycetes, the lesions on the leaves often start from the tip or the leaf margin, or extend from the tip of the leaf to the leaf margin, and the lesions spread rapidly. The lesions on the non-leaf tip or leaf margin are nearly round and diseased. The central spot is a small, dark spot with a false capsule shell on both sides. Prosthetic capsules subglobose, black-brown, orificed, ascaria cylindrical, double walled, lateral filaments between ascostic cells; ascospores subspinnate, yellow-brown, slightly curved, 3-septal, narrow at both ends, septum No deflation, or only a slight septum at the septum. The disease mainly occurs in lands with insufficient concealment and neglect of management. The anniversary can be seen.
1.4 Gray Spot Mycosphaeralla amomi
Ascomycetes, caused by leaf gray spots, lesions often start at the tip or leaf margin, often show large patches of spotty, gray or gray-brown, lesions and Jian Department at the junction generally brown to dark brown thin line. The individual species such as A. max im um has a thick reddish-brown edge and a yellow band at the junction with the disease-free site, and an oval-to-irregular gray spot at the middle of the leaf. The lesions have no ridges, and many small black spots grow on them, namely the pseudocystic shell of the bacteria. Prosthetic capsules usually appear as foliar, few on both sides, light brown or yellow-brown, spherical to nearly spherical, with openings, dark brown at the orifices, sac-stick to cylindrical, bundles, double wall, no intersputum Filamentous silk, ascospores are colorless, oblong, with a septum in the middle, the membrane is not contracted or slightly contracted, and the upper and lower cells are equal. The disease occurs universally and can occur in the anniversary. The sexual stage can be seen in winter and spring.
1.5 grayish-brown spot disease Ram ichloridium amomi
It is a semi-known fungus, the diseased leaves are initially oval, yellow-brown lesions, and later expanded into irregular large spots, brown edges, central gray, brownish brown lines, lesions with small black spots on the back Mildew, the fruiting body. The ovary of the fruiting body is small or absent. The brown, conidial stems are mostly clustered, upright, brown, 7 to 10 septa, few branched, apically fine, nearly colorless, densely conical, denticulate, terminal. Blunt, conidia elliptic to oblong, base slightly pointed. The disease can be seen in spring and summer, and it is generally mixed with other diseases. The damage is not serious.
1.6 Amoeba leaf blight Pyriculariopsis amoni
Commonly referred to as a fire disease, it mainly damages the leaves and can also harm the leaf sheath. Lesions can occur at foliar, leaf margins, and tip. The initial size of the needles is oily patches, which gradually expand into nearly round or irregular yellow-green patches with marginal greasy patterns; later lesions expand, and the center is yellowish-white. To greyish white, brownish to brownish brown with brownish edges. At the high temperature, both sides of the lesions have gray mold layer, especially the leaves of the oily parts. This is the conidial stem and conidia of pathogenic bacteria. In the end, the lesions expanded and merged so that part of the leaves and even the whole leaves withered. From afar, a coke was seen as fiery. Leaf lesions on leaf sheaths are roughly the same as leaves. April to May is the peak period of this disease.
2. Prevention
2.1 Selection requirements, soil fertility loose drainage and a moderate (40% to 75%) covert.
2.2 elected to leave the seeds without disease, seedlings planted.
2.3 Reasonable planting density, maintaining ventilation and ventilation.
2.4 Fully decomposed farmyard fertilizers and miscellaneous fertilizers are used as basic fertilizers. When chemical fertilizers are used, multiple compound fertilizers should be used as much as possible.
2.5 pay attention to irrigation and drainage, to avoid accumulation of water.
2.6 Rational rotation, it is best to work with grass crops for more than 3 years.
2.7 Clean the garden, timely remove dead leaves, fallen leaves and plant debris, and burn to reduce the pathogen.
2.8 Reduce the use of chemical pesticides and rational use of biological pesticides.
Spray the soil with Bordeaux mixture or 40% extermination 500 times solution to eliminate the source of overwintering bacteria: In the middle and early April of the following year, use the above-mentioned medicament and spray it again 1 or 2 times, each time between 10 and 12 days. For some diseases, such as Amomum vulgaris, it is advised to control in the peak of the two epidemics in March and September. For other kinds of diseases, they should be controlled at the initial stage of development. The medication must be reasonable and the use of highly effective, low-toxic, low-residue pesticides should be used as much as possible. At the initial stage of the disease, Bordeaux's solution, zeocin and mancozebite were used for protective spraying. Treatment of bacterial diseases with streptomycin to control fungal diseases such as anthrax and a variety of leaf spot disease can be used chlorothalonil, carbendazim extermination and carbendazim and so on.
1, the main disease
1.1 Anthrax Glom erella cingulata
Ascomycetes, lesions mostly from the tip of the leaf or leaf margin, the beginning of a dark green water-stained dots, after the gray, and then turned into a gray-brown, was like a moire, the edge of dark brown, withered white in the middle. When the humidity is high, many small black spots are produced on the lesions, ie, the ascostic shells of the pathogenic bacteria, the ascaria shells are on both sides, scattered, nearly spherical or flask-shaped, and the shell walls are black; the asccus is inverted stick-shaped or long-spindle-shaped and no side wires are seen. : ascospores colorless, unit cells, elliptic or long ovate, slightly curved. On the lesions of Amomum villosum, it is often seen that they are mixed with the asexual Colle totrichum gloe ospori oides. The disease mostly occurs in autumn and winter, with poor soil, insufficient basal fertilizer, too much available nitrogen, and unconcealed land. The incidence is heavier, and more rain and high humidity are conducive to the spread of diseases.
1.2 Amomum leaf spot Gonatopyricularia amomi
A pathogenic fungus belonging to the genus Imperfecta and Rhizoctonia is seen in plants such as Amomum villosum, Hainan shell Amomum, and Amomum villosum. It mainly occurs in leaves, but it can also damage leaf sheaths. On the leaves of villosum membranacea, there were faded green dots at the early stage of disease and gradually expanded into round or irregular water-spotted lesions with indistinct edges; while the initial lesions of Amomum villosum and Amomum villosum were formed by many arcs. The water-stained pattern consists of a nearly circular flower-like pattern with a clear junction with the Ministry of Health (without disease-free parts). Afterwards, it develops into a water-stained, spot-like spot. The center of the late lesion is gray, with dark brown edges and high humidity. Both sides of the lesion have a gray moldy layer on both sides. In severe cases, the upper leaf expands and spreads from the lower part, eventually causing a large number of leaves to dry and die. The conidiophore stalk is dark brown in color, slightly lighter in tip, thicker than hyphae, unbranched, with septum, several inflated nodes at the top and middle, and 3 to 8 conical or cylindrical sections. The teeth (ie, sporulated cells) have a distinct separation of teeth, with 1 conidium on each tooth, making the spores in each swollen node clustered, the conidia inverted and pear shaped, 2 separated at maturity. The cells at both ends are colorless, the middle cells are light brown, and there are no umbilicus at the base. The disease can occur throughout the year, with two peak periods from September to October and March of the following year. This leaves a large number of leaves dry. Planting sites with extensive management, poor soil, insufficient cover, and poor plant growth are seriously damaged. It is the source of the initial infection of this disease.
1.3 Speckled Leptosphaeria Im giberi
In ascomycetes, the lesions on the leaves often start from the tip or the leaf margin, or extend from the tip of the leaf to the leaf margin, and the lesions spread rapidly. The lesions on the non-leaf tip or leaf margin are nearly round and diseased. The central spot is a small, dark spot with a false capsule shell on both sides. Prosthetic capsules subglobose, black-brown, orificed, ascaria cylindrical, double walled, lateral filaments between ascostic cells; ascospores subspinnate, yellow-brown, slightly curved, 3-septal, narrow at both ends, septum No deflation, or only a slight septum at the septum. The disease mainly occurs in lands with insufficient concealment and neglect of management. The anniversary can be seen.
1.4 Gray Spot Mycosphaeralla amomi
Ascomycetes, caused by leaf gray spots, lesions often start at the tip or leaf margin, often show large patches of spotty, gray or gray-brown, lesions and Jian Department at the junction generally brown to dark brown thin line. The individual species such as A. max im um has a thick reddish-brown edge and a yellow band at the junction with the disease-free site, and an oval-to-irregular gray spot at the middle of the leaf. The lesions have no ridges, and many small black spots grow on them, namely the pseudocystic shell of the bacteria. Prosthetic capsules usually appear as foliar, few on both sides, light brown or yellow-brown, spherical to nearly spherical, with openings, dark brown at the orifices, sac-stick to cylindrical, bundles, double wall, no intersputum Filamentous silk, ascospores are colorless, oblong, with a septum in the middle, the membrane is not contracted or slightly contracted, and the upper and lower cells are equal. The disease occurs universally and can occur in the anniversary. The sexual stage can be seen in winter and spring.
1.5 grayish-brown spot disease Ram ichloridium amomi
It is a semi-known fungus, the diseased leaves are initially oval, yellow-brown lesions, and later expanded into irregular large spots, brown edges, central gray, brownish brown lines, lesions with small black spots on the back Mildew, the fruiting body. The ovary of the fruiting body is small or absent. The brown, conidial stems are mostly clustered, upright, brown, 7 to 10 septa, few branched, apically fine, nearly colorless, densely conical, denticulate, terminal. Blunt, conidia elliptic to oblong, base slightly pointed. The disease can be seen in spring and summer, and it is generally mixed with other diseases. The damage is not serious.
1.6 Amoeba leaf blight Pyriculariopsis amoni
Commonly referred to as a fire disease, it mainly damages the leaves and can also harm the leaf sheath. Lesions can occur at foliar, leaf margins, and tip. The initial size of the needles is oily patches, which gradually expand into nearly round or irregular yellow-green patches with marginal greasy patterns; later lesions expand, and the center is yellowish-white. To greyish white, brownish to brownish brown with brownish edges. At the high temperature, both sides of the lesions have gray mold layer, especially the leaves of the oily parts. This is the conidial stem and conidia of pathogenic bacteria. In the end, the lesions expanded and merged so that part of the leaves and even the whole leaves withered. From afar, a coke was seen as fiery. Leaf lesions on leaf sheaths are roughly the same as leaves. April to May is the peak period of this disease.
2. Prevention
2.1 Selection requirements, soil fertility loose drainage and a moderate (40% to 75%) covert.
2.2 elected to leave the seeds without disease, seedlings planted.
2.3 Reasonable planting density, maintaining ventilation and ventilation.
2.4 Fully decomposed farmyard fertilizers and miscellaneous fertilizers are used as basic fertilizers. When chemical fertilizers are used, multiple compound fertilizers should be used as much as possible.
2.5 pay attention to irrigation and drainage, to avoid accumulation of water.
2.6 Rational rotation, it is best to work with grass crops for more than 3 years.
2.7 Clean the garden, timely remove dead leaves, fallen leaves and plant debris, and burn to reduce the pathogen.
2.8 Reduce the use of chemical pesticides and rational use of biological pesticides.
Spray the soil with Bordeaux mixture or 40% extermination 500 times solution to eliminate the source of overwintering bacteria: In the middle and early April of the following year, use the above-mentioned medicament and spray it again 1 or 2 times, each time between 10 and 12 days. For some diseases, such as Amomum vulgaris, it is advised to control in the peak of the two epidemics in March and September. For other kinds of diseases, they should be controlled at the initial stage of development. The medication must be reasonable and the use of highly effective, low-toxic, low-residue pesticides should be used as much as possible. At the initial stage of the disease, Bordeaux's solution, zeocin and mancozebite were used for protective spraying. Treatment of bacterial diseases with streptomycin to control fungal diseases such as anthrax and a variety of leaf spot disease can be used chlorothalonil, carbendazim extermination and carbendazim and so on.