Edible fungus management measures in autumn and winter

At present, autumn and winter is a good season for edible mushroom harvesting. The Institute of Edible Fungi, Binhai County, Jiangsu Province, South Korea Institute of Edible Fungi (Senior Fungus Horticultural Workers), after years of practice, summarized the following key measures for the management of edible fungus in autumn and winter:

First, the fungus during germs and control measures

1, Trichoderma: commonly known as green mold, green mold, etc., which is one of the most common and most harmful bacteria in production, regardless of seed production or cultivation, regardless of raw materials, clinker, fermentation materials, bacteria during the period Can occur, even in the mushrooming stage also occurred, and the temperature range has also become more and more widespread, in some areas there has been devastating pollution, Trichoderma is one of the major bacteria.

Prevention and control measures: (1) When seeding or cultivating and cultivating spices, add clomazone in a proportion of 0.1% and sterilize it strictly to completely kill its spores; when raw materials are cultivated, the ratio may be 0.15%. Add clotrione drug. When the fermentation material is cultivated, after galectrambine, the base material is still fermented evenly, killing or inhibiting its spores as much as possible. (2) Scientifically deploying base ingredients to provide comprehensive and balanced nutrition. Practice has shown that the addition of three-dimensional nutrients to edible fungi can enhance the resistance of mycelium and can effectively inhibit bacteria. (3) The inoculation operation must be strict and standardized so that no mold spores fall into the material. (4) During the period of 5 days or so when the strains or strains of bacteria are infestation and mushrooming, 500 to 1500 times of the bacteria killing solution is used to prevent M. edodes disease in the free space of the mushroom shed. (5) After the discovery of Trichoderma, the bacteria must be directly applied to cover the contaminated area with bacteria and kill the bacteria, and the bacteria can be immersed in the bacteria bag at a rate of about 150 times. Moldy and other treatment.

2, Aspergillus: also known as Aspergillus flavus, yellow mold, etc., is currently the second largest species of bacteria except Trichoderma. In addition to directly competing with the edible mycelium for nutrients and moisture and living space, the mold can also secrete toxins and seriously harm the edible fungi. At the same time, the toxin is still a carcinogenic substance and seriously harms human health.

Control measures: (1) Reference to Trichoderma related content. (2) In the culturing room, the mushroom scorpion disease king and the disinfectant powder are used for the strict disinfection and sterilization. After the bacterium species are moved in, the irrelevant persons should be prevented from entering. (3) When the initial contamination was found, carefully remove the culture chamber and take measures such as cutting the plastic film, directly killing the bacteria, or killing the 150-micron killing solution on the cultivation bag. After the use of drugs; the heavier pollution should be buried or incinerated to prevent secondary pollution.

3, Mucor: also known as long hair, black mold, black hair and other bacteria. The typical characteristic of Mucor is that the mycelium develops rapidly. After mature, the black spores grow quickly. Under suitable conditions, the mycelium can occupy and turn black on the surface of the bacteria bag within 7 days. In severe cases, the hyphae of edible fungus can no longer occur. Development is more harmful.

Prevention and control measures: (1) First clear up the inoculation room and cultivate indoor and outdoor sanitation, outdoor spraying 500 times carbendazim solution, once the indoor spraying of mucor fungus 40 to 80 times the mushroom scorpion disease king solution, and then press every cubic meter of space 4 g of powder is used for fumigation with disinfectant powder and it is activated 2 days after closing the doors and windows. (2) The inoculation box is fumigated with disinfectant powder, and the culture rack is scrubbed with a 5% aqueous solution of phenol, and physical protection is taken care of. (3) The inoculation room and the culturing room were cooled down by 25°C with an air conditioner and the humidity was lowered to 70% or less. (4) When the initial pollution is found, the pollution bag should be removed from the outside of the house strictly, and 50 times the diseased mushroom or sickener solution should be immersed in the bag for 2 to 3 minutes to kill the mold and then be disposed of. Abandoned, causing secondary pollution.

4, Penicillium: Because of its spore color and similar to Trichoderma, so there are other names such as green mold.

Control measures: Refer to Trichoderma control measures. Contamination was found and cleared in time to prevent spores from spreading and spreading.

5, yeast: also known as acid rot.

Prevention and control measures: (1) The base material is added with appropriate amounts of drugs such as bacteria, etc., or added at a ratio of 0.3 to 0.4% for success; in addition, the moisture content of the base material should be appropriate and should not be too high. (2) When sterilizing at normal pressure, it is necessary to regulate the operation. For production sites where the contamination of the bacteria has occurred severely, the method of batch sterilization can be used, that is, the sterilization can be performed once a day to ensure the production effect. (3) The inoculation operation should be standardized. The inoculation room, inoculation box, and culture room should be treated with disinfectant fumigation and spraying with mushrooms and other drugs. (4) As a preventive measure, the culture room should be sprayed once every five days for 100 times the disease, but the ground should be free space, work lanes, entrances, vents, etc., and not directly sprayed. (5) When the product temperature of the bag is abnormally high and the mycelium develops abnormally, the bags should be opened for inspection. When there is a strong wine sour taste, it can be confirmed that it has been contaminated with yeast, and the method of infusing 5% lime water can be used to control. However, the bag should be erected and the zigzag should be opened so that excess moisture can be discharged. Otherwise, it will intensify pollution. (6) When contamination of the material bed occurs with this strain, 200 times the bacteria killing solution may be poured or sprayed with 800 times clomazone solution.

Second, the disease during the mushrooming and control measures

1, Pleurotus ostreatus soft rot disease: the disease with the same name and different symptoms, that is, different pathogens, mainly for the dendritic pruritus, and some mushroom farmers will also be confused with some bacterial diseases, it is also known as rot disease. Its typical characteristic is that white hyphae different from edible fungi grows spider-like on the surface of the trampoline and spreads rapidly, covers the bed surface, surrounds the fruit body, and the diseased body is surrounded by the hyphae of the fruiting body. The stipe extends upward, and finally the fruit body stops growing, and the color is dark, rapidly softens, yellows, and turns brown, and then rots. The biggest difference between the bacterial infection and the bacterial infection is that, although the symptoms of decay are similar, the rotting mushroom body does not smell bad.

Control measures: (1) Strictly handle mushroom sheds. Before the mushroom shed was opened, the mushroom scorpion king was used for carpet spraying. After sealing for 2 days, lime powder was applied on the ground at a dose of 250 grams per square, and then it was transplanted into the bacteria bag. (2) spraying prevention during germination. About every 5 days, spray a 100 times solution of the mushroom, 50 times solution of the Venus disinfectant, or kill 200 times of the bacteria. Pay attention not to spray the mushroom bed or bacteria bag directly. (3) Strictly deal with earth-covered materials. In the cultivation of vegetal wall or medlar type, in particular when using land surface soil, vegetable garden soil and old mushroom area to extract soil in situ, it is necessary to use drugs for bactericidal and insecticidal treatment. The basic method is: drying, crushing and spraying 60 soils. Mushroom scorpion disease king and 600 times phoxim, mixed while spraying, mix film after the heap stuffy nausea, about 7 days after the film can be unrolled, spread out, after the odor can be used to dry. (4) In the early stage of disease, quickly expand the ward and excavate about 10 centimeters, and immediately seal the pathogenic fungus powder, pay attention to stop the water spray in the mushroom shed, and increase the ventilation volume. If possible, reduce the temperature of the shed. . (5) In special circumstances, do not arbitrarily string, especially in high-incidence areas, contiguous planting areas of mushroom farmers should prohibit the string shed to prevent cross-infection.

2, Pleurotus ostreatus shrinking disease: also known as damping-off disease, dry rot and so on. The pathogenic fungus was Fusarium mold, and the infected mushroom body stopped growing, and it showed water-loss-like atrophy. The mushroom body became darker in color, browned and dried, and the lower tidal mushroom was difficult to occur.

Prevention measures: refer to Pleurotus rot.

3, Pleurotus tuberculosis: also known as walnut fungus, walnut-like bacteria, bovine brain bacteria, such as fake truffles. Can endanger a variety of edible fungi, but especially when cultivated with cover soil. As time goes by, the fruit of the ascoma changes from milky white to pale yellow, dark brown, which means that it has reached maturity. In the diseased area, only mushrooms are not produced. When multiple drugs are used alone or in combination, the effect is very poor, resulting in heavy production losses.

Prevention and control measures: (1) Pleurotus ostreatus can adopt three-dimensional soilless cultivation methods to avoid contact with the soil and reduce the probability of disease occurrence. (2) In the area of ​​primary disease, 60, 180 times of copper sulphate should be used for joint treatment of mushroom sheds, and at the same time, the treatment facilities should be treated to avoid the entry of pathogenic spores into the base material. (3) During the fungus and fruiting period, adhere to preventive medications, such as 80 times the king of mushrooms and other diseases. (4) At the beginning of the disease, the cover soil was excavated with the base material expanded by 5 cm, cleaned out of the shed and incinerated. (5) In the middle and later stages of the disease, the ascarrot fruit was removed and the base material was excavated.

4, Pleurotus ostreatus button disease: also belongs to Ascomycetes. In the forthcoming mushrooming or fruiting process, some small white spots grow on the surface of the material surface or overlying soil layer, that is, the fruit of the fruit is initially mistaken for the young bud, but never differentiates the stipe cap, and then gradually grows. It is tumorous and gradually darkens. It turns brown, and the ward is no longer fruity.

Control measures: See "Pleurotus tuberculosis."

5, mushroom brown rot: also known as white rot, vesicular disease. When bacteria are infected in the fungus stage, white fluffy mycelium can grow on the surface of the material surface or the overburden layer and form clumps. Soon, it turns from white to yellow-brown and secretes yellow-brown water droplets, like light-colored soy sauce; At the bud stage, the fruiting bodies form lumpy masses of bacteria and can not differentiate the stipe capsules. The sensible mushroom body can rot from white to yellow and appear odor; After the illness, the mushroom body was deformed, the stipe was swollen, the vegetative cover was very small, and the surface had velvety hyphae. After a few days, the mushroom body rotted and brown juice emerged; when the fruiting sensation was late, it was only in the cap. There is a brownish spot on the surface that is slightly sunken. If harvested in time, the lesion will not affect sales.

Control measures: (1) Strictly handle mushroom sheds, see related contents above. (2) Strictly treat the earth-covered material when cultivating the oyster type or cultivar wall. (3) Mixing and base processing sites shall be sprayed and sterilized with 500 times carbendazim and 800 times extinction drugs. (4) During the bacteriostatic period, preventative medication should be taken. See above for related content. (5) After the occurrence of the disease, immediately stop the water spray, reduce the humidity, clean up the ward, and spray it with 500 to 1500 times or so bacteria to kill, or directly cover with drugs such as bacteria, and then fill the new soil.

6, Pleurotus brown spot: also known as dry bulb disease, dry blight, plaque and so on. The disease symptoms are very similar to those of brown rot, and the fungus infecting the mushroom has a lighter shade and a dehydrated texture. It neither secretes brown juice nor stinks; The covered lesions are extremely similar or even identical. Once the disease is affected, the transmission speed is faster and the damage is heavier.

Prevention measures: (1) Refer to the above treatment and preventive treatment of mushroom shed and place. (2) Scientific and rational allocation of base nutrition. In the production of Pleurotus ostreatus, it is a good measure to add three-dimensional nutritional essence of edible fungi. The dosage is 250 kg (cotton seed hull) dry material per bag. (3) Reasonably top-dressing. When planting edible mushrooms, it is also an important measure to recover nutrition in time after harvesting a tidal mushroom. (4) If a disease is found, see the above treatment.

7, Pleurotus ostreatus: also known as chanterelle disease, the pathogen is a strain of R. pumilus, the occurrence of heavier production. The diseased mushroom body no longer grows, nor is it deformed, nor is it a diseased spot. The mushroom body becomes soft and yellow after about 2 days of disease, followed by browning and rot. A white floc appeared around the mushrooms and no longer appeared in the covered area. In the laboratory culture, the colonies were white flocculent mycelia. After the balls appeared light yellow patches, the bottom of the culture medium was white at first and gradually changed to light yellow. Golden.

Prevention and control measures: (1) Refer to the aforementioned treatment of mushroom sheds, base material treatment sites, etc. (2) After the disease was found, the mushroom was extirpated together with the base material. After spraying 60 times the king of mushrooms, the ventilation was strengthened.

8. Pleurotus ostreatus: The pathogen is Pseudomonas larvae. Pleurotus ostreatus cap and stipe appear red-brown to dark brown, slightly concave circular or spindle-shaped brown spots, the edges are more neat, the middle slightly concave. Bacteria only infect the dermatophytes and do not go deep into the bacteria. Under wet conditions, the surface of the lesion has a thin layer of yellow-white sticky material that, when dried, forms a pellicle that adheres to the surface of the lesion and is shiny. The shape of the mushroom does not change and it does not cause rot. Occurrence pattern: The pathogen exists in the soil and sewage, and the high temperature and high humidity, especially the surface of the cap of the fungi, are prone to disease under water film or water droplets for a long time.

Prevention and control measures: (1) We must use clean water for moisturizing, and we must not use ponds and bays; we should not use too much water to prevent excessive water accumulation on fruiting bodies and cause bacterial growth. It is usually suitable to evaporate within 2 hours after spraying. (2) After illness occurs, stop spraying water, increase ventilation, reduce humidity, and spray mushrooms to kill the disease 1500 times, for 2 or 3 consecutive times.

9. Pleurotus rot disease: the pathogen is Pseudomonas fluorescens, yellowish water spot-like spots appear on the cap or stipe, and under high temperature and high humidity conditions, the lesion expands rapidly, causing the cap or stipe to appear pale yellow. The water stains are rotted and emit an unpleasant odor.

Prevention and control measures: (1) Appropriate amount of water can be used to maintain the humidity of the mushroom shed at about 90%. (2) After the disease occurs, remove the mushrooms in time, stop the water spray, increase the ventilation, reduce the humidity in the mushroom shed, and spray 1500 times as much as the oyster mushroom in the early stage of the disease. The solution can be returned to normal in 2 to 3 consecutive times. When it is moderate, it should be combined with the cleanliness of the mushroom shed. Use the disinfectant powder to fumigation treatment at a dosage of 4 grams per cubic meter of space, and then spray 500--1500 times the bacteria killing solution.

10. Pleurotus ostreatus: The pathogen is Pseudomonas spp. The larvae of the young mushroom are yellow-brown and softly rot and stop growing. They are withered or sticky and rot later.

Prevention and control measures: (1) Select strains with strong disease resistance, conditionally deal with strains for detoxification treatment or introduce detoxification strains, and strictly aseptically operate during the seed production process. (2) The same species should be cultivated in the same place as discontinuously as possible. Before using the mushroom shed, use 81% of the disinfectant to fumigate or 20 to 30 times of the disease. (3) Ventilate immediately after each spray until there is no water accumulation on the surface of the cap. In winter, when the temperature is too low for long periods of ventilation, water should be sprayed into the wall or air to maintain the humidity. (4) Observe frequently. Once it is found that the cap has begun to appear brown, immediately stop the water spray, and appropriate ventilation, and then spray a 1500 times mushroom or a mushroom killing disease solution. The infected fruit should be harvested before spraying. (5) After the mushroom is cleaned, the surface of the mushroom house should be sterilized frequently. The conventional method is to spray the diseased mushroom mushroom every 5 days. (6) Weather such as overcast, rain, fog and snow. The humidity outside the shed is very high. The shed is difficult to dehumidify. The quicklime can be placed around the wall and allow it to slowly decompose and absorb water. This process can improve the process. Shed temperature, but also reduce the shed wet, but should pay attention to ventilation exhaust, to prevent excessive carbon dioxide concentration in the shed. (This article was provided by Han Chaozheng, Institute of Edible Fungi, Binhai County, Jiangsu Province, China. Tel: E-mail:)