Diagnosis and treatment of common diseases of sheep

Parasitic diseases pose a significant threat to sheep and other livestock, causing severe health issues and even death. One such disease is **Lemma nematodiasis**, caused by nematodes that parasitize the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lung tissue of sheep, especially lambs. These parasites can lead to bronchitis, pneumonia, and high mortality rates. While large lung nematodes are highly pathogenic, small lung nematodes tend to cause milder symptoms. The symptoms of this condition typically appear in spring, with affected sheep showing persistent coughing. Diagnosis involves examining fecal samples for eggs or using the Belman method to isolate larvae. The first-stage larvae of *L. elegans* measure 550–580 microns, have a distinct button-like structure at the front end, and show granules in the intestine. In contrast, the larvae of *C. ovum* (small lung nematodes) are smaller, around 300–400 microns, with no such structure but a backward spine at the tail end. Treatment options include **seaweed extract** (200 ml/kg mixed with feed), which is effective against large lung nematodes. **Albendazole** (5–15 mg/kg orally) is also widely used and effective for both large and small lung nematodes. Another option is **tetramisole hydrochloride** (7.5–25 mg/kg as a 1% solution), which targets both types of parasites effectively. Another serious parasitic disease is **Haemonchus contortus infection**, caused by a nematode that resides in the fourth stomach of sheep. This parasite is highly pathogenic and leads to anemia, weakness, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Affected animals may experience swelling under the jaw, rapid breathing, and heart palpitations. In severe cases, especially in lambs, the disease can be fatal within a short time. For treatment, **albendazole** (5–15 mg/kg) is commonly used. Additionally, a **1% copper sulfate solution** can be administered—100 ml for adult sheep, 70 ml for young ones, and 50 ml for lambs. Adjustments should be made based on the animal's condition, and the treatment should be repeated daily for better results. A third condition is **Bull's disease**, also known as **cerebral toxoplasmosis** or "crab disease." This disease is caused by **Echinococcus granulosus**, which primarily infects the brain and spinal cord of sheep and goats, leading to neurological disorders. It can also affect cattle, horses, pigs, and even humans. The adult worms live in the intestines of dogs, wolves, and foxes, making these animals the main carriers. Symptoms vary depending on where the parasite is located. If it’s in the front part of the brain, the animal may run straight into walls. If it’s in the cerebellum, the sheep may lose balance and show limb paralysis. Infections in the spinal cord can result in unsteady gait or hind limb paralysis. Affected animals often lose their appetite, become weak, and eventually die from cachexia. Treating this condition is complex and usually requires **surgical removal** of the cysts. A syringe is used to drain the fluid, followed by careful extraction of the worm. Medication such as **praziquantel** (50 mg/kg for five days or 70 mg/kg for three days) is also effective. Prevention is key. Dogs should be regularly dewormed using **thiodanthrene** (0.1 g/kg) or **arecoline hydrobromide** (1.5–2 mg/kg) mixed into their food. After deworming, dogs should be kept isolated for a week, and their feces should be properly disposed of to prevent environmental contamination. Farmers must also protect feed and water sources to avoid dogs defecating in grazing areas. In summary, parasitic diseases like Lemma nematodiasis, Haemonchus contortus infection, and Bull’s disease require prompt diagnosis, proper treatment, and consistent prevention measures to ensure the health and productivity of livestock. Regular monitoring and hygiene practices are essential in controlling these infections.

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