Anthocyanin: Control the flowers and flowers

Flowers bloom, from the appearance of plants on the Earth, this ever-changing law dominates the world of plants day and day. Perhaps for the common people, it is common to see the flowering of plants, but for scientists, why should the flower be opened for the sake of exploring the flowers? What is its mechanism? What key substances are playing quietly and they have been struggling to explore for hundreds of years. At the end of 2005, "Science" magazine listed the research progress of the flowering mechanism as one of the "Top Ten Scientific Developments in the World". They believe that scientists have revealed several key molecular clues about plant flowering and other mysterious characteristics. For example, plant molecular biologists have found signals that initiate the seasonal development of plants, one study found genes that stimulate flowering, and one study found amazingly hidden RNA. And this kind of RNA may be the mysterious substance known as "flowering hormone" that scientists have been searching for for decades, or is it related to it? Expert interpretation Bai Shunong (Professor, Peking University): From a professional point of view, flowering is the process by which stem-end meristems change the organs of great long flowers from long leaves. It is crucial for the life cycle of plants, because plants must complete the life cycle first. A zygote is formed and then a gamete (equivalent to a human spermatozoon) is formed. The gamete must form a flower organ to form a gamete. At the same time, flowering plays a key role in agricultural production. Most of the things people eat are fruits and seeds, and the formation of these structures must also go through the flowering process. This is why flowering research is so important and has attracted many scientists for many years. The reason for the struggle. Now, Swedish scientists' research may reveal the mechanism of flowering. The RNA molecules they have discovered that are generated by the FT gene can be used as signaling molecules to transport cells out. They may be the “flowering hormones” that scientists have long sought, but the authors and Can not give final conclusions, the specific situation remains to be further studied by scientists step by step. The role of anthocyanin - sunshine time determines the plant flowering time Most plants bloom at a specific time each year. In the 1920s, researchers found that many plants used ambient stimuli to control flowering. The length of sunshine affects the timing of flowering in many crops and affects crop yields. When the sunshine duration in the spring is long, some rapidly responding barley varieties can bloom in early summer, while those with slower response breed later. In areas with dry heat in the summer, such as the Mediterranean, early flowering is more advantageous, because plants can complete their life cycle before the arrival of the hot summer; in the cool and humid summer, the growth cycle of crops is longer and the flowers bloom later. It is more conducive to improving crop yields. “It's generally a long time in the summer and a short time in the winter, but the plants themselves can measure changes in this light,” said Professor Bai Shunong of Peking University. Anthocyanin plays a signaling role. "A series of experiments have shown that the photosensitive part of the plant is the leaf, and the part where the flower organ is formed is on the top. This presents a problem, the photosensitive part and the site where the flower organ is produced. How to achieve signal transmission?” said Professor Bai Shunong. Is there a substance that humans have yet to recognise as quietly exercising this transfer function? Thus, in the 1930s, it was suggested that there must be a hormone-like substance that can reach the top from the leaves and transmit flowering information. At that time, the scientists gave this material the name "flowering hormone." "This hypothesis describes the flowering process as relatively simple and clear, but at the time nobody knew what 'flowering hormone' was. It assumed that it was a small molecule substance that was a hormone," said Professor Bai. The essence of flowering hormones scientists have been trying to find this substance for decades, but it has never been found. "After the 1990s, scientists used mutation analysis methods (by changing the plant genes to see the effect on the phenotype studied to determine which genes were related to the typotype) and found that there are about 70 to 80 genes that affect flowering. And, genetically, it is known that these genes can interact with each other," said Professor Bai. This year, botanists at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences further researched the molecular mechanism of plant flowering. It turns out that there is a gene called "FT" in plants. The “FT” gene is active in the leaves. It can create a “messenger molecule” that conveys information between the leaves and root tips. Then the “messenger molecule” stimulates the genetic program of the plant to produce buds that promote flowering. "Birth." Scientists believe that the "messenger molecule" produced by the "FT" gene may be the "flowering hormone" that determines the flowering of plants, or the key component that constitutes "flowering hormones." The "messenger molecule" is an RNA molecule. But what exactly is this "messenger molecule"? Prof. Bai introduced, "Swedish scientists have done very clever experiments. They used appropriate methods to stimulate the leaves, activate the 'FT' gene, and make the 'FT' gene express RNA molecules." Scientists have discovered that the RNA molecules can reach the top from the leaves. , And it does affect the flowering of plants. According to genetic laws, genes do not move in the body. RNA is expressed only in cells. Proteins are then translated by RNA. These proteins can act in the cell where the gene is located or can be transferred to other cells. There is very little evidence that RNA can be transferred from one cell to another as a signal, but it is still transported over long distances. “The importance of this discovery by Swedish scientists is also here. It not only reveals that 'flowerin' may act in the form of RNA, but also as a product of gene expression, which can transport cells out as a signal, which is undoubtedly a cell. A new way of transmitting signals, from this point of view, it may have a wider application." As for how plants know when to bloom? Scientists believe that external conditions such as temperature and soil are important reasons for the timely flowering of plants, and specific studies need to be further studied. Looking for the significance of anthocyanin. So, how does the flowering mechanism help us in human life? In the spring, the day lengthens, and the daffodils are open during this season. Roses have to wait until the summer before they can show their auras. On the other hand, rice flowers must wait until the day falls short. The natural world has developed in an orderly manner according to its own laws. "From an application point of view, people still want to be able to control flowering time more freely. If we want to see peony during the Spring Festival, we can artificially adjust the timing of peony flowering. There are some fruit trees that grow to a certain degree. Stage can bloom, if we know the mechanism of flowering, you can also control it.” Professor Bai said. He said that as far as improving food production is concerned, in principle, revealing the flowering mechanism is equivalent to mastering a very important “switch” in crop production, which will help increase grain production in the future. Over Nielsen of the Vine Plant Science Center at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences said, “Through this discovery, we can use the principles to produce early maturing rice, which is an interesting speculation. Since many of the high-yield species are in bloom, In the evening, this can lead to several bumper harvests in certain parts of the earth each year.” ■ News Origins By the end of 2005, Science magazine summarized the progress of scientific research throughout the year and selected “10 annual technological advances of the year. "The evolution of genetic research at the genetic level, the continuous travel of planets, and the research results of plant flowering hormones were selected. "Shared Science" will in the near future explain in detail some of the results of the "Top Ten Progress in Science and Technology in 2005". This issue introduces research on phytoflowering and reveals the secrets of flowering plants.

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