The breeding of yellow-throated turtle
Mauremys mutica, commonly known in Guangxi and Guangxi as stone turtles, is classified under the order of Turtle, Tortoise and Turtle, and is distributed in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hainan, Fujian and Taiwan, and abroad. Distributed in Vietnam. Yellow-throated turtles are nutritious and have high ornamental and medicinal values.
1 The shape and living characteristics of the yellow-throated turtle
1.1 morphological characteristics of the first small, smooth at the top, the middle of the depression, the tympanic membrane clear, after the head of the eye with two light yellow vertical lines, yellow throat, back flat, central ridge edge is obvious, the trailing edge is slightly jagged. Carapace brownish or brown, plastron front flat, posterior edge of the deep lack of engraved, plastron is yellow, each piece of scutellum with large stains on the outside of the ink spot, a bridge obviously, back and abdomen by a ligament connected. Limbs are flat, with fingers and toes between the digits and claws. Short tail.
1.2 Living habits Wild animals live in rivers, rice fields, lakes, and often go to nearby bushes and grasses. Like to eat fish, shrimp, snails, cockles, worms and other animal food, but also eat some tender plants. The breeding season is from May to October every year, and from mid-November to the end of March the following year is the hibernation period. In Guangdong, the breeding season is from the end of April to the end of August, and from mid-December to the end of February the following year is the hibernation period.
2 kinds of turtle selection and rearing
2.1 Selection of species of turtles Sexual maturity of yellow-throated turtles generally takes more than 5 years. If it is a wild yellow-throated turtle, as long as there are more than 450 grams, it can generally be used as a species of turtle. Male yellow-throated turtles have longer turtle dorsal carapace, have a central depression in the plastron and a long tail, and the anus is farther from the posterior edge of the plastron. Females have short backs, flat plastrons, and short tails.
When selecting a species of turtle, the ratio of male to female is preferably 2:1. This ensures a high fertility rate while being more economical. Turtles should be selected for healthy, non-injured and disease-free individuals. Such as turtle shell, skin injury or inflammation, the eyes of the cornea is white, cloudy, kiss, nostrils, neck, limbs, swelling can not be selected. Turtle, shiny skin, telescopic head and neck, turning freely, crawling limbs powerful, no trauma, full body can choose.
2.2 Breeding and Management of Species of Turtles
2.2.1 Species Turtle Pool Turtle pond is a cement structure with a slope of about 25 at the bottom of the pond. The turtle pond is divided into three parts. The lower part is a reservoir with a water depth of about 30 cm; the middle part is a feed bait and activity field: the upper part is an spawning ground with fine sand. There is a roof cover on the spawning ground to shade and block the rain. The pond puts water on the lotus, accounting for about 1/4 to 1/3 of the pool surface. Some flower plants can be planted on the event ground. The turtle pool is covered with shade cloth to create a cool and quiet environment for the turtles.
2.2.2 Turtle ponds and turtle species disinfection Turtles must be fully cleared prior to purchase in order to remove harmful and toxic substances from the pool and kill various pathogens present in the pool. Commonly used drugs are bleach and potassium permanganate. The bleach is dissolved in water and the concentration is 2010-6. Potassium permanganate concentration is 1510-6, Quanchiposa.
Turtle disinfection commonly used method is medicine bath method, available potassium permanganate, malachite green and furazolidone. Potassium permanganate bath concentration of 1510-6, or malachite green 510-6, or furazolidone 2510-6, were soaked for 30 minutes.
2.2.3 Tortoise Stocking and Management Tortoises are placed in the turtle pool at a ratio of 2:1 for males and females, and stocking densities are 4 to 6 per square meter. Newly purchased turtles do not feed immediately due to abrupt changes in their living environment. Generally, they begin to lure after three days. The bait is mainly composed of viscera of animal fresh materials such as small fish, shrimp or poultry, together with some fruits and vegetables such as apples, bananas and tender vegetables.
When the temperature exceeds 15°C, the yellow-throated turtle begins feeding. Above 20°C, feeding is normal. At this point has entered the critical period of female reproductive development. Must be daily qualitative, quantitative, timing, positioning feeding. The bait should be fresh and must not be spoiled. The feeding amount is based on the little leftover turtle. The foods fed daily are placed on a fixed land location, allowing the species to develop habits of feeding on schedule. The temperature is below 25°C and feeds once a day. The feeding time is preferably 3pm; the temperature is above 26°C and is fed twice a day, once in the morning at 7:00 and once in the afternoon at 6:00.
3 Spawning and hatching occur in Guangzhou. Yellow-throated turtles begin spawning at the end of April each year. The peak period is from May to June and ends at the end of August. Spawning can be repeated several times a year, with 1 to 7 eggs each time, with an average of 2.5 eggs.
3.1 Preparation before spawning Before the onset of the turtle's spawning season, the spawning ground should be cleaned up. In mid-April, preparations should be made before spawning, weeds, branches, rotten leaves from the spawning ground should be removed, and the compacted sand should be leveled and levelled. Shading plants or flowers are planted around the spawning ground to make the turtle have a quiet, hidden, and almost natural spawning environment. The hatchery is heated and fumigated with formalin to kill harmful insects in the house. The hatching sand can be sterilized with drugs, washed, and then exposed to the sun or dried in the sun. The best diameter of hatching sand is about 0.6 mm. It is too small to have good venting performance and is easy to compact. It causes the lack of oxygen in the eggs and causes the embryos to die. Too large, the water retention effect is not good, and the water content is not easy to control. Spawning and hatching rooms are to prevent the entry of rats, snakes, cats and other animals.
3.2 Spawning Yellow-throated turtles have mating behavior from April to November, especially from September to October. They may be water or land, especially in water. Before mating, the male chase the female turtle and bite the female turtle's neck. The forelimbs hold the female turtle's armor on both sides. The hind limbs catch the female turtle's carapace on both sides and follow the female turtles to flip in the water or crawl on the land. . When the female turtle is not moving, the male turtle will mate on the female turtle's back. The time is about 10 minutes.
At the end of April or early May, the yellow-throated turtle began to lay eggs. Spawn more at night or at dawn. Before the female turtle lays eggs, he climbs into the spawning ground and chooses a suitable location to begin digging. The forelegs are fixed to the body, the hind limbs are dug for dredging, and the tail helps to sweep the sand. Head and neck forward and always pay attention to the surrounding movement. When the cave is dug, it begins to spawn. After producing an egg, use the hind limbs to arrange the eggs in the nest. Eggs will cover the hole. Use the hind limbs to put the sand plover into the burrow, use the gravity of the back half of the body to compact the burrow, and flatten the burrow, and then leave. No ovulation behavior.
Yellow-shouldered turtles produced the largest amount of eggs in May-June, accounting for 76.3%, and the number of clutch eggs was 1-7, with 2-3 eggs per litter accounting for 58.4%. Egg weight 10 to 20 grams, an average of 14 grams, long diameter 3.41 ~ 5.53cm, short diameter 1.75 ~ 2.67cm.
3.3 Collection of turtle eggs During the breeding season, observe at night and pay attention to the location of the turtle's acupuncture point in order to pick up the eggs the next day. When the female turtle lays eggs, it leaves traces. At the spawning site, that is, in a circular area with a diameter of about 15 to 20 centimeters, there will be traces of sand renewal, and at the same time there will be traces left when the turtle walks. It is thought that after laying eggs, gently open the upper layer of sand by hand. If you see turtle eggs, carefully remove them or use bamboo sticks as a mark. Collect them after 1 to 2 days.
The eggs of the fertilized turtle have a clear milky band in the middle of the egg shell. The unfertilized eggs do not have this feature. When the eggs are collected, the fertilized eggs that are collected first are placed in plastic pots that are prepared in advance. Hatching sand is placed in the pots. The thickness of the sand is 2.5 cm or more, and the sand contains 5 to 10% of water. Eggs are inserted into the sand. The action should be light at the time of spawning, otherwise it is easy to squeeze the fertilized egg and cause loss. In addition, there are no protein bands on the eggs, and large vibrations or shaking should be avoided. The best time to recover eggs is in the early morning. Do not operate at the highest temperature and when the sun is the most fierce.
The spawning site sprays water once a day and it is necessary to sweep the sand once a week to detect eggs that have not been found or missed. The fertility rate calculated by the author was 71.5%.
3.4 Incubation of turtle eggs Artificial hatching is done using foam boxes or wooden boxes as incubators. The walls of the foam box are drilled for ventilation. Laying 10cm deep sand. Egg depth 3 ~ 4cm. 200cm+2 boxes can be placed around 50 eggs. Sand's humidity is 5 to 10%, with sand in hand shape, landing is scattered. If the water content in sand is too high, it will easily accumulate water and prevent oxygen from entering the egg. The embryo will die due to lack of oxygen. Too dry, easy to introduce embryos to lose water and die. To improve the hatching rate of turtle eggs, maintaining the proper humidity is the key. After the eggs are placed, a label should be inserted to indicate the date and quantity.
During incubation, the temperature is maintained between 25 and 32°C. For regular sand spray, the indoor relative humidity is maintained at 80 to 93%. Using the methods and conditions described, hatchlings hatch from 54 to 112 days after fertilization of the yellow-throated turtle. The average incubation time was 73.8 days. From hatching of fertilized eggs, the accumulative temperature was calculated as the sum of the temperatures required for the unit of time. The accumulated temperature required by the yellow-throated turtle was about 49600°C*hour. The hatching rate was 84.2%. When the hatchling hatches, it first breaks the eggshell with the snout, first as a small hole, then expands continuously, extends its head, and then extends the forelegs, then uses the forelimb to support the entire body, and strives to break outwards. Shelled successfully.
The newly hatched hatchlings should be placed in a special pot filled with wet sand and wet cloth. The yolk of the hatchlings is cleaned and transferred to the hatchling pool.
4 Young turtles
4.1 Hidden Turtle Pool Hidden Turtle Pond is generally a cement structure with a slope at the bottom of the tank, 3/4 of which is a pool, water depth of 20cm, and 1/4 of land. Above the turtle pond should be shaded by shade cloth. Yellow-throated turtles like water, they usually do more activities in the water, and they should put some water-living lotuses in the pool, accounting for about 1/3 of the water surface. The water lettuce can provide shelter for turtles, and can absorb harmful substances in water. In the hot summer, it can absorb a lot of solar radiation heat and reduce the water temperature for turtles. The land is a playground and food platform and is a place where turtles eat and eat. Before the hatchlings enter, Turtle Pond must be thoroughly disinfected. Normally use 1510-6 potassium permanganate to soak the whole pool.
4.2 Young hatchlings hatch young hatchlings weighing between 6.4 and 13 grams with an average of 9.75 grams. The eggs are generally large, hatched hatchlings are also large, eggs are small, hatchling hatchlings are also small. Hatched juveniles are in specialized pots and do not need to feed until the yolk sac completely disappears. When hatching into hatchling pool, hatchlings should be soaked with 110-6 potassium permanganate solution. After entering the pool, you can feed cooked chicken, duck yolk or chopped pork liver. One week later, you can feed grated fish or dip. The stocking density of juvenile tortoises is about 100/m2, and the water changes about once every two days depending on the change in water quality, and the amount of feeding is based on the amount of leftovers of the hatchlings. The bait is on land, and the leftovers should be promptly swept away. Feeding should be done in the morning and evening. Usually two times a day, in addition to adjust the feeding frequency depending on the temperature. The hatchlings hatched at the end of August were raised for 3 months. The average body weight increased from 9.75 grams to 23.14 grams, and the individual had a net gain of 13.39 grams. The average daily weight gain was 0.149 grams. The largest individual up to 40 grams. In general, hatched individuals are large and grow faster; individuals smaller, grow slowly. The further back, the greater the gap.
In the process of juvenile hatchlings, care should be taken to prevent the intrusion of predators such as snakes, rats and cats.
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