Progress in Research on Biological Control of Agricultural Pests

Dear Prof. Guo Yuyuan, everybody, everyone, I thank the China Plant Protection Association for giving me an opportunity to sort out the progress of our national biological control in the past two or three years, giving such a stage and platform to show you my Peer's contribution over the past few years. Let me tell you about the progress of biological control over agricultural pests in recent years.

This topic is particularly large. I did not do anything else this week. I called everywhere and hoped to find someone to provide me with some information. The main questions I am talking about this afternoon are:

The first question I have to evaluate what is the overall level of our country's biological control?

What is the status and market of the second biological pesticide?

The third preparation of new plant diseases and biological defense.

The fourth successful large-scale application of insect predators.

Fifth, the proposal for the development of biological control in China. Regarding the overall level of our country's biological control, I think our research level is world advanced. It may also lead in some aspects, but overall it is an advanced level. The state attaches great importance to biological control work. Our team is relatively stable. In recent years, scientific research projects and scientific research equipment are all available. The research we have conducted now and the international comparison are still in sync. Now what are the biological researches in the world? There are scientists in China. But what problem do we have? I think that our country is still far from the production requirements in terms of application. Nowadays, the countries with better applied biological control in the world are those in Northern Europe and North America.

I feel that the poorest countries and the richest countries are better equipped to use biological control. The richest countries have stronger capabilities. They are concerned about food safety and agricultural product safety, so they can afford to use a bit more expensive. Biological control products. In the poorest countries, I have visited countries like Ethiopia and Kenya. They are too poor to have even a pesticide factory, but the hard requirement, biological protection, has turned to cheap biological control.

China is a developing country. Most of the large pesticide companies in the world are making money and earning money in China. We are also demanding that we produce products quickly and we need to supply cheap products in the market. Therefore, chemical pesticides, especially international companies, are relatively high. Residual and highly toxic pesticides have been used in our country relatively large and have had some impact on our biological control.

There is also a lack of our own efficient bio-control products. This is my own view of the overall level of our country's bio-control. Just now Mr. Huang said biopesticides. I would like to say briefly. I would like to talk about biopesticides and natural enemies today. The species of our country's biological pesticides was just mentioned by Mr. Huang. One is insecticides for insect viruses. Now registered in our pesticides for these varieties, the bollworm just mentioned 22 varieties. In the past two years, with the retirement of several people in Wuhan, several factories have been established outside. This is my statistics of the 2003 pesticides situation.

Just now Mr. Huang talked about the insecticides of Bacillus thuringiensis. I will not say that Bacillus thuringiensis insecticides are the main products of our national biopesticides. There is also a fungal preparation. We have seen that the object of control is an aphid. Thick rotifers are registered in Heilongjiang, and many of our country's studies on Trichoderma are fungal preparations.

Growth regulators such as gibberellins, brassinolides, and oligosaccharides will be discussed later.

I will briefly describe the following categories. The general fungicides and biopesticides I will not say. Today I said a bio-resistance-inducing agent. Our country now has a very young and active team to study this work. Originally, I either used fungicides to kill the germs, or I used plants to protect the plants so that they couldn't get in. After the germs came, we killed the germs. Now with the plant-resistance-inducing agent, after spraying it, it can trigger plant resistance. Mutual aids to plant surface receptors induce signal transduction in plants, causing a series of metabolic reactions in plants.

This one is relatively hot in our country. Many are very young and promising scientists. Oligochitosan is produced by Dalian Physical and Chemical Research Institute. The chitosan oligosaccharides they engaged in have already registered and registered in China. Several pesticide plants are producing this and the research is deeper. The chitosan oligosaccharide can quickly enter the interior of the plant cell wall, further In combination with the plasma membrane, secondary metabolites are formed 6-8 hours after spraying. There is also a class of plant-activating proteins. Now a better protein is extracted, isolated and screened from Alternaria. Its method is that it can be used for seeding, invading seedlings, watering roots and foliar sprays. It is better for many kinds of diseases, and now many of them are better at hoarding virus diseases. Many scientists also work together on this plant protein. The molecular mechanism is also more in-depth, through the analysis of the chip, said that activating protein can increase the expression of plant resistance-related genes.

This is the first-class talent in our institute. This is the strawberry base exported to the European Union in Dandong. We are investigating the growth of the plants that we have sprayed. We look at its roots. There are more virtual roots, and it is better to promote the root system. This is Sprayed, this is not sprayed. This is the strawberry that was harvested. It was sprayed with protein. This was not sprayed.

Next, I’m talking about another area where Bacillus is more active in disease. There are many researches on it, and the registered products are mainly Bacillus, mainly Bacillus subtilis. Why is it so much? Are people willing to participate in the research and development of Bacillus? It is mainly because of its strong resistance to the environment. As a product, its antagonistic ability is relatively strong and its shelf life is relatively long. It has a long resistance to many plant pathogens and can produce a variety of effective antibacterial substances. Like bacteriocins, enzymes, active proteins.

Now I would like to tell you about this. It is the first time that East China University of Science and Technology has successfully developed a bio-pharmaceutical herbicide, Contrad, which is resistant to bacterial wilt and blight, using Bacillus polymyxa at home and abroad.

This is the production process of Conde Lede. Now the sales of the product indicates that the product has been put on the market and the sales has been accelerated.

Another class of bacillus is Bacillus cereus, which is a series of products developed by China Agricultural University. It is now better integrated with companies. There are two types of products: one is for fertilizers, and the other is for disease preparations. Now in addition to their preparations, they also construct genetically engineered Bacillus cereus.

Bacillus subtilis products - grain Qu Ning, control rice sheath blight.

The following is Trichoderma, which is relatively hot internationally. Some of our graduate students are doing Trichoderma, and international products have been there for a long time. Chinese products have only begun to exist in the past decade. Product quality is not stable enough. We can see from this statistical data that there are 43 states in the United States that carry out biological control issues, of which 34% are related to the study of Trichoderma. There are many people in our country who are currently researching and also have products. All of us plant protection research, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shenyang Agricultural University, and so on there are many units to carry out research in this area.

This is the hyphae of the lignin. Trichoderma mycelia preparations, conidia preparations. Our laboratory research can not use clams spore preparations. Now we are deepening the fermentation process of deep-seated fermentation of chlamydospore, and it is expected to produce crudworm spores with strong resistance and storage.

If this study breaks through, it will be beneficial to the quality and price of the Trichoderma product.

I talk about insects below. The better insecticidal antibiotic is now called polymyxin, because many people in our country are studying it, so I will talk about it. At present, spinosad is a species registered by the United States in 1996. The effect is particularly good. Everyone in China recognizes it very well, but it is expensive and we cannot afford it. I talked to Dr. Xie in their office. Dr. Xie said that this product is good, and the market cannot be pushed because it is too expensive. In China, the market is better and cheaper. Now that several units in our country are studying, what are we waiting for? We will wait for his protection period to pass. Once it is over, we will immediately be on. This is a relatively good product, and it is particularly safe. It has received the “Green Chemistry Challenge Award” from the President of the United States. This award has only one in the United States each year. It is specifically picking “green chemistry”. This shows that spinosad is a good thing and it also shows that binding proteins is a good thing.

So, what is it good for? You can see how broad its insecticide spectrum is. You can see how wide it kills eggs, larvae, and adults. After spraying, the remaining liquid on the leaf surface can also kill the insects.

I would like to talk about fungal pesticides below. Fungal insecticides still have its advantages. It is easy to form epidemics in insect populations. The pathogenic mechanism is complex and it is difficult for host insects to develop resistance. China's entomogenous fungi are rich in resources and have accumulated rich research. Large-scale industrial production processes and equipment are breaking through. Now we do not have a product because there is no breakthrough in large-scale production processes and equipment. Our country is now an insecticide for Metarhizium.

Just now, Mr. Huang said that he has already registered and we have developed a killing system for all the groups in China Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The aphid-killing M. anthracis mutant species developed by Chongqing University is nearing completion of registration. It has already reached the tens of millions of markets. They are also biotechnology-improved strains. Now its effect is particularly good, killing locusts. The rate reached about 90%.

The Metarhizium has a new one, which is the use of Metarhizium sp.

The use of Metarhizium spp. in the prevention and control of Tetranychus sinensis has been conducted in Pingtung County, Taiwan. After 3 times of application, the results were good.

This is the worm that is infected by coconut leafworm.

Metarhizium also controls grasshoppers.

The entomopathogenic nematode is an entomopathogenic organism. The entomopathogenic nematode lives freely in the soil. After drilling into the belly of the insect, the insects die. The nematode develops. The eggs are released, and they grow inside the insects. After the development, they become tens of millions of nematodes. , Into the soil or tree hole to find pests that have not been parasitized, this is the principle of entomopathogenic nematodes. We don't engage in killing insect insects themselves. Now we are working on metabolites. We use 3% of metabolites. Now that we have found its structure, we have done a field experiment with a control effect of 66%. We also did cucumber powdery mildew in the greenhouse. The effect was also very good. Its metabolites are also being looked for. There are also insecticidal proteins in the inside - the orally toxic insecticidal protein. Now the laboratory has found out that it has a relatively large molecular weight to see if it can find small molecules.

This is a project made in Guangdong. It uses entomopathogenic nematodes to control oriental flies. The Guangdong Institute of Insects now uses fermenters. This technology is better. So if you have such a need, commercial nematodes are also available.

I will talk about Trichogramma again.

Trichogramma everyone knows, I will not say more, there are more than 130 kinds of insect products in the world, of which more than 20 species are Trichogramma, annual application area of ​​more than 30 million hectares, the world's most extensive of.

In our country, there were many Trichogramma factories. Later, when the farmland was divided into small pieces after dividing the land, the Trichogramma was difficult to manage. It is now able to concentrate and have a production base, so Trichogramma is now active again. In the northeastern region, there are now more than a dozen Trichogramma factories. People who have been to the northeast know that corn is in the northeast, just like the ocean. It is impossible for you to spray the medicine. If you set up a Trichogramma factory and save your labor, the farmers will accept it. Jilin Province supplemented the bio-control products Trichogramma and Beauveria bassiana by 1.2 yuan/mu, and allocated 12 million in 2006. Now it seems that other provinces in the northeast need to learn from them. If all provincial governments learn this way, then we Biological control is promising.

This is now the production of Trichogramma, this is a picture provided by the Hebei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, this is the use of wheat moth eggs factory breeding. There are more than 80 bees per egg, and now there is a relatively large-scale apparatus for breeding eggs of Trichogramma in Hengshui.

This is the spawning and automatic spawning machine of the moth worm, which is subjected to the egg, then purifies the egg and cleans it. Everyone saw this hole for easy hanging on corn. This was provided to me by our colleagues in North Korea. This is what he picked from the field. This is the egg card. This is a parasitic moth. Hang it up. The bee is sent out.

This was provided to me by our plant protection staff. This was put on the North Korean farms, and the increase in corn production in the bee-keeping district was obvious.

There is also a kind of bee-calling larva bee. The Drying Institute of the Hebei Academy of Agricultural Sciences can provide the community with the horny wasp, the lycopodium beetle, the Trichogramma beetle and the Trichogramma ostriniae. This is where drones are particularly effective in pollinating greenhouses. This is how the wasp breeds. This was already parasitized. Then the larva was collected. This is also a machine. The scorpion wing is covered with a machine.

I will introduce a new natural enemy to you recently. It has recently been used. It is Puqi. It has specific functions. It first hits the host and the host muscle relaxes. Then it looks at it and eats it. After eating it, it's its own. The abdomen enlarges. This enlargement is an oocyst. The offspring will develop in this mother. After maturation, it will be produced by the mother and the output will be 95% female.

When the females come out, they come to the end and start searching for the host.

Pu Ying's application: The best thing to do is Beijing Botanical Garden. He gave me a few pictures. There is also a podophyllotoxin worthy of everyone's attention. Now that the toxin has been analyzed, it has high molecular weight, but it relaxes the muscles, and the low-molecular protein paralyzes the muscle's rapid contractility.

Proteins have three proteins, also named. And made a poison.

Let's give everyone an explanation of a natural enemy and control coconut leaf and leaf.

It can now reproduce 150,000 bees a day, and can spread itself within 8 kilometers horizontally. By the end of 2005, it has released 60 million bees, effectively preventing and controlling an area of ​​more than 210,000 acres.

Now I will introduce to you a comparison of the cockles that have been carried out in the past two years.

It is also sold on the market. Dr. Zhang from the Plant Protection Institute of the Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences in China, after buying it from abroad, domesticated it, domesticated it from generation to generation, and domesticated into red spiders now. This is its product, which is now sold.

As you can see, this is a map of the proliferation of leafhoppers in the biological defense area. The leaves in the biological defense area are covered with trees. The results were released on June 20th. The effect of June 30 is not very good, but when it comes to forbearance, it is controlled. Now. It shows how we should evaluate natural enemies. How do we endure natural enemies?

This is the cost statistics for the construction of the XPCC in Xinjiang in 2005, and how much money is needed for each MU.

This is the cotton field released by the Corps in 2006. This is the Agricultural Division I, the Agricultural Second Division, the Agricultural Fifth Division, the Agricultural Seventh Division, and the Agricultural Eighth Division. I particularly like this scientist. He daresay how much the success rate is. I ask him what is the success rate? He said that the success rate was after I released my cockroach and I did not fight drugs. What is the area of ​​his intervention failure?

I have some suggestions below: I think we should strengthen basic research and look for new biological control agents.

I have to strengthen my biotechnology research and genetically engineer high-efficiency biopesticides. Strengthen research, unit and enterprise integration, accelerate product development speed. Strengthen the integration of plant protection technologies for pollution-free, green food production and organic food production. Strengthen the popular science education of biological control technology, and raise the awareness of the whole society for safe production of agricultural products. thank you all.

Guo Yuyuan: What's the problem?

Question: Bio-insecticide has a Beauveria bassiana. What is its target of action? Is Beauveria Bacteria a single compound, or a mixture? If it is single, is its structure determined, if determined, can it be used chemically?

Yang Huaiwen: I am not involved in Beauveria. I know a little bit about it. The mechanism of the role of Beauveria bassiana is multi-directional and it is a layer-by-layer defense against breakthrough insects. First, after its spores reach the epidermis, there is an enzyme that can penetrate the epidermis. After it enters, the insects have an immune mechanism and react with it. Therefore, it has other enzymes, and how much material the Beauveria bassiana is at work. Some people say that there is beauvericin, but my personal opinion, I think it is not only beaurioxin, may be a series of processes, the first should have chitinase, otherwise it will not wear the epidermis If a substance of Beauveria bassiana can be turned into an insecticide, this should be possible. The question is how to enter insects. This is something that needs to be studied. Thank you.

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