Summer cultivation of tomatoes Wang Yi prevention of physiological diseases

Tomato cultivation in summer typically begins in late May, with seedlings transplanted into the field by mid-June. The fruiting stage usually occurs between mid-August and late August. However, due to the high temperatures and rainy conditions during this season, physiological disorders are common and can significantly impact the growth and development of tomato plants, as well as increase the risk of pest infestations. Through field investigations and analysis, it has been found that the main causes of these physiological issues include excessive fertilizer use, leading to high soil salinity. Combined with surface drought and high temperatures, this results in poor root development and difficulty in converting nitrogen into usable forms. Symptoms such as leaf thickening, curling, and stunted growth often appear, especially in the lower and middle parts of the plant. Another major factor is an overabundance of nitrogen and phosphorus, which leads to a relative deficiency in essential micronutrients like potassium, calcium, and boron. This creates antagonistic effects among nutrients, reducing their overall effectiveness and making it difficult for the plant to absorb and distribute them properly, ultimately affecting its growth and productivity. To manage these issues effectively, several control measures can be implemented: 1. Follow the principle of using base fertilizer as the primary source, with topdressing as a supplement. Increasing the base fertilizer application helps improve plant health and resilience. Field studies suggest that base fertilizer should account for 75–80% of the total planned fertilization during the growing season. 2. Implement balanced fertilization practices by incorporating organic matter and ensuring a proper ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Apply trace elements when necessary and avoid overuse of nitrogen. Using humic acid-based fertilizers can enhance soil structure, improve buffering capacity, and promote better root growth. 3. Ensure timely and balanced irrigation. During the summer, tomatoes face both heat and rain, so it's crucial to maintain consistent water supply without allowing waterlogging or prolonged dryness. Proper watering and drainage help maintain optimal soil moisture levels. 4. Supplement with trace elements if deficiencies are detected. For calcium deficiency, a 1% superphosphate leachate can be sprayed on the leaves. For boron deficiency, a 0.2–0.5% borax solution can be used for foliar application. 5. Monitor and control pests such as aphids, whiteflies, and leafhoppers to strengthen the plant’s resistance. Insecticides like 3% acetamiprid diluted 750 times or 10% imidacloprid wettable powder diluted 1500 times can be applied effectively. By following these strategies, farmers can significantly reduce the occurrence of physiological disorders and improve the overall health and yield of their tomato crops during the challenging summer season.

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