Camellia breeding and cultivation techniques
2019-10-25 14:08:53
Propagation methods Camellia reproduction includes sowing, cutting, layering, and grafting.
1, sowing breeding this method can be a large number of seedlings in a short time, mainly for the cultivation of good stock and breeding fine varieties.
(1) Seed harvesting and storage: In the autumn, when the fruits are slightly cracked, they shall be harvested immediately, placed in a cool, ventilated place indoors and dried, and the seeds shall be taken out after the fruits are cracked. Immediately after the seeds are sown, they can be sowed, and they can also be treated with stratified sand. After the fine sand is washed and disinfected with clean water, the seeds and fine sand are layered and placed in a suitable container. The top layer is covered with 5 cm thick fine sand, and then the container is buried in the soil and checked frequently to prevent mildew and rodent damage.
(2) Seed treatment: The seed coat of Camellia is hard and needs to be processed before the seeds can germinate quickly and neatly. The following methods can be used to deal with: First, use a knife to injure the seed coat; Second, soak it in warm water of 40-50°C for half an hour, and then soak in water at 20-25°C for 5-6 days. Use seed; third is to soak a day and night with 100 g/g gibberellin solution.
(3) Seeding: When the seed volume is large, seedbed drilling can be used to make the seedbed that is 1m wide and long and is self-determined. The seeding spacing is 15 to 20cm. The seed buds are directed downwards and placed deep in the ditch of 5cm. The plant spacing is 1-2cm. After irrigating the water once. When the amount of seed is small, potting can be used to sow the seeds in pots. The thickness of the cover soil is 0.5-1cm, and the water can be sprayed with a watering can.
(4) Post-broadcast management: After sowing, plastic film or glass can be used to cover the seedbeds and flowerpots to maintain the humidity, keep the temperature at 18-25°C, and give sufficient light (avoid direct light). Gas, timely removal of weeds, control of underground pests, mold, 0.1% potassium permanganate spray disinfection. 1 month or so began to germinate, seedlings grow to 3-4 leaves when transplanting pots, choose 7-10cm diameter pots, a pot of a plant, home cool and ventilated place, spray water with a watering can, a week or so after rooting, Gradually increase the light, and apply a thin liquid fertilizer.
2. Cutting and selecting the crown The outside of the canopy is full of growth, the buds are full, the semi-lignified branches without diseases and pests are 8-12 cm long, the lower leaves are cut off, and the apex is left with 2-3 leaves, which are carried out from May to June or September to October. Cuttings. In late June to early July, you can also select 3-4-year-old shoots, circumcise 1-2 cm of bark at the bottom, and reach deep into the xylem. After the callus at the wound is swelled, cut the cuttings. The cuttings should be inserted along with the cutting, and the cutting depth should be 1/3-1/2 of the cutting length, and the spacing between the rows should be 5cm15cm. After the insertion, the matrix is ​​compacted and sprayed with water through a fine hole watering can, placed in a half shade, and sprayed 1-2 times a day to keep the air humidity and the substrate moist (water or rain is preferred for storage for 2-3 days. ) Keep the temperature at 20-25 °C, and pay attention to the gradual increase of ventilation and exposure to sunlight, 1-2 months cuttings can take root. After rooting, they were transplanted to a 7.5cm diameter mud pot and were routinely managed after being set.
3. Grafting and grafting Grafting and propagation is suitable for cutting or rooting or poorly rooted varieties or replacing new varieties. Camellia also selected camellia (single-petal varieties), camellia or tea plum as rootstock, grafting methods are grafted and budded.
(1) Branch connection: The connection method and the splicing method can be used, but the survival rate of splicing method is lower than that of the connection method.
The available soft branches are connected and the hard branches are connected. The soft branch is usually connected when the new branch has not been semi-lignified. The new branch of the identified species is selected as the scion, and the cuttings are selected for survival one year before the selection. The seedlings that grow new branches in the spring are used as the rootstock. The thickness of the rootstock and the scion should be close to each other. Scion close together, position, adjust height, if necessary, add cushions, after selection of branches, in the smooth part of the scion and rootstock, vertical cutting 1.5 ~ 3cm long isometric cut, width similar, deep To reach the xylem, and then the two incisions are anastomosed to align the layers and firmly tied with plastic strips. Afterwards, strengthen the management, pay attention to the rootstock and scion of the basin soil to keep it moist, prevent excessive drought, and take precautions to prevent strong winds from blowing and avoid blowing branches. Hardwoods can be accessed all year round, but it is most suitable from May to June. The method of connection and management are the same as soft branch connection method.
劈 picking strong growth, no pests and diseases, 2 to 3 years old plants as rootstock. Choose strong, no pests and diseases, adequate lumber or 1 year old lignified shoots for the scion. Rootstocks can be cut from the ground at a height of 5 to 7cm above the ground. In the middle of the rootstocks, a knife is cut with a grafting knife and the depth is 2 to 3cm. The lower scions were cut off, leaving the upper branches and leaves and buds, the base cut into a wedge-shaped, deep to the xylem, the length consistent with the rootstock incision. After cutting, insert the scion into the cut of the rootstock to align the layers and securely tie them with plastic strips. In order to enhance the ornamental value, scion can select several different varieties at the same time.
(2) Bud grafting: It can be carried out in the growing season of Camellia, but it is best in the early May to the beginning of July. Generally used "T" shaped bud grafting. After selecting the scion, cut a knife 0.5cm above the shoot, cut a knife in the right and left, and reach deep into the xylem. Gently peel off the scion and it appears as a shield. The scion should leave the petiole. In the appropriate parts of the rootstock shoots, one knife is cut transversely, and then a knife is cut longitudinally to form a “T†shape. Then, the buds are inserted into the incisions, aligned with the cortex, and firmly tied with plastic strips.
4. Batten propagation Batten breeding can obtain larger seedlings, the method is simple and the survival rate is high, but a large number of seedlings cannot be obtained. Batten propagation can be carried out throughout the year, but it is most suitable in April or June. Choose strong, no pests, pests, 2 to 3 years old branches, from the top about 30 ~ 40cm, engraved with a knife ring or ring width 0.5 ~ 1cm, deep to the xylem, with 1000μg/g of indole acetic acid solution Apply to the wound, then wrap the wound with a moist matrix and tie the plastic bag up and down.
Cultivation and Management Camellia cultivation in open cultivation and potted plants.
1. Open cultivation is often planted in open areas in the warm south of the Yangtze River in China. Planting sites should be selected as semi-shaded, well ventilated, fertile soil, loose, rich in humus, and well-drained (pH 5.7) site. It can be planted throughout the year, but it is most suitable in autumn. When planting, the ball should be transplanted as much as possible. The diameter of the ball is 6 to 10 times the diameter of the tree, and the height is 1/3 to l/2 of the diameter of the ball. Dig a shallow pit that is 2 times larger than the soil ball at the root of the plant. The depth is 2 times the thickness of the earth ball. Build a platform in the middle of the pit and place the earth ball on the platform so that the upper part of the earth ball will rise above the ground surface. Mixed soil with basal fertilizer is filled into the pit, filled with soil, and compacted on the side. After the soil is filled, a circle of soil is left outside to facilitate irrigation.
2. Potted pots should be carried out in cold areas in the north or in areas with poor soil quality. Pots should be selected for breathable, highly water-permeable pots. Should choose small, slow growing varieties. The size of the pots and plant size should be appropriate and should not be too large or too small. Pots and soils should be loose, fertile, well-drained, slightly acidic loam. The basin is available all year round, preferably in the fall. First flip down a tile in the hole at the bottom of the pot, lay a layer of coarse sand on the bottom of the pot, place the plant in the middle of the pot, hold the plant one hand, fill the soil with one hand, and the pot and soil should not be too full, leave 2 to 3cm of water . After being planted, spray water with a watering can. Generally every 2 to 3 years, the pots are changed once, and the roots, roots, roots, and roots are removed when the pots are replaced.
3. Watering Camellia watering water is best rain or snow water, if tap water needs to be stored in the tank for 2 to 3 days before use, the pH of the water should be between 5.5 and 6.5. Camellia watering should be dry and wet to keep the soil moist. In the buds and flowering stages, the water should be properly controlled to make the soil dry to facilitate vegetative growth and watering should be controlled during dormancy in winter. The watering temperature should be best when it is close to the indoor air temperature or the soil temperature to prevent overheating and over-stimulating the roots of camellia. Therefore, the watering time should be grasped. Watering in winter should be at noon and summer should be performed in the morning and in the evening.
4. Fertilizer for fertilizing Camellia is mainly organic fertilizer supplemented with fertilizer. From mid-April to mid-May, during the growth period of spring shoots, topdressing nitrogen fertilizers will be applied. After the flower bud differentiation period, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers will be topdressed. In the summer, the growth basically stopped, no fertilizer or less fertilization was applied, and in the fall, the low-nitrogen, high-phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were applied, and the winter basal fertilizer was used to sprout and bloom in Liming. Each time fertilization is combined with watering.
5. Temperature, humidity Camellia growth temperature is 18 ~ 25 °C, the limit high temperature is 30-35 °C, the minimum temperature is 0 ~ 5 °C. When the temperature is high, the ventilation can be enhanced, shading, water spray, etc. to cool down. When the temperature in winter is low, you can pack, set up wind barriers, and move potted plants indoors. Camellia requires relative humidity of 60% to 80%. Below 50%, it will grow poorly.
6. Light Camellia bogey day, hi half shade, so hot summer, should be given shade, water spray, ventilation, etc., If the temperature exceeds 35 °C, then prone to sunburn, leaves withered, rolling, poor growth.
8. Plastic pruning Reasonable pruning can make beautiful tree shape, dense foliage, improve the ventilation and lighting conditions of the tree crown, reduce the occurrence of diseases and pests, regulate the balance between vegetative growth and reproductive growth, and ensure that the plants grow robustly, and the flowers are large and gorgeous.
Camellia pruning is generally performed in mid-July, and the cut branches, cross branches, diseased shoots and overlapping branches have been cut off. Cut branches can be used for cutting propagation. In addition, pruning can be carried out in small seedlings to enable the crown to be upright, with a strong tree vigor and a beautiful tree shape. The life span of each leaf of Camellia is more than 4 years, so artificially remove part of the old leaves to facilitate the acceleration of metabolism of Camellia and improve the photosynthetic efficiency. However, the picking leaves must pay attention to the beautiful and reasonable tree shape. Camellia plants usually have more flower buds, too many buds will weaken the tree potential, affect the quality of flowering, it is necessary to remove some of the buds. Sparse buds are usually carried out when the flower buds grow to the size of the soy beans. When they are too small, it is not easy to distinguish between leaf buds and flower buds. If they are too large, they may easily injure adjacent buds. Depending on the size of the plants, the number of buds can be eliminated. Small plants can be sparse. Usually only one bud is left on a single branch, which makes the flower bloom large and bright. When buds are first removed, the buds on the inside of the crown and on the weak branches are removed. The grafted plants are best not to blossom in the first year, and they must be removed for the deformed buds.
1, sowing breeding this method can be a large number of seedlings in a short time, mainly for the cultivation of good stock and breeding fine varieties.
(1) Seed harvesting and storage: In the autumn, when the fruits are slightly cracked, they shall be harvested immediately, placed in a cool, ventilated place indoors and dried, and the seeds shall be taken out after the fruits are cracked. Immediately after the seeds are sown, they can be sowed, and they can also be treated with stratified sand. After the fine sand is washed and disinfected with clean water, the seeds and fine sand are layered and placed in a suitable container. The top layer is covered with 5 cm thick fine sand, and then the container is buried in the soil and checked frequently to prevent mildew and rodent damage.
(2) Seed treatment: The seed coat of Camellia is hard and needs to be processed before the seeds can germinate quickly and neatly. The following methods can be used to deal with: First, use a knife to injure the seed coat; Second, soak it in warm water of 40-50°C for half an hour, and then soak in water at 20-25°C for 5-6 days. Use seed; third is to soak a day and night with 100 g/g gibberellin solution.
(3) Seeding: When the seed volume is large, seedbed drilling can be used to make the seedbed that is 1m wide and long and is self-determined. The seeding spacing is 15 to 20cm. The seed buds are directed downwards and placed deep in the ditch of 5cm. The plant spacing is 1-2cm. After irrigating the water once. When the amount of seed is small, potting can be used to sow the seeds in pots. The thickness of the cover soil is 0.5-1cm, and the water can be sprayed with a watering can.
(4) Post-broadcast management: After sowing, plastic film or glass can be used to cover the seedbeds and flowerpots to maintain the humidity, keep the temperature at 18-25°C, and give sufficient light (avoid direct light). Gas, timely removal of weeds, control of underground pests, mold, 0.1% potassium permanganate spray disinfection. 1 month or so began to germinate, seedlings grow to 3-4 leaves when transplanting pots, choose 7-10cm diameter pots, a pot of a plant, home cool and ventilated place, spray water with a watering can, a week or so after rooting, Gradually increase the light, and apply a thin liquid fertilizer.
2. Cutting and selecting the crown The outside of the canopy is full of growth, the buds are full, the semi-lignified branches without diseases and pests are 8-12 cm long, the lower leaves are cut off, and the apex is left with 2-3 leaves, which are carried out from May to June or September to October. Cuttings. In late June to early July, you can also select 3-4-year-old shoots, circumcise 1-2 cm of bark at the bottom, and reach deep into the xylem. After the callus at the wound is swelled, cut the cuttings. The cuttings should be inserted along with the cutting, and the cutting depth should be 1/3-1/2 of the cutting length, and the spacing between the rows should be 5cm15cm. After the insertion, the matrix is ​​compacted and sprayed with water through a fine hole watering can, placed in a half shade, and sprayed 1-2 times a day to keep the air humidity and the substrate moist (water or rain is preferred for storage for 2-3 days. ) Keep the temperature at 20-25 °C, and pay attention to the gradual increase of ventilation and exposure to sunlight, 1-2 months cuttings can take root. After rooting, they were transplanted to a 7.5cm diameter mud pot and were routinely managed after being set.
3. Grafting and grafting Grafting and propagation is suitable for cutting or rooting or poorly rooted varieties or replacing new varieties. Camellia also selected camellia (single-petal varieties), camellia or tea plum as rootstock, grafting methods are grafted and budded.
(1) Branch connection: The connection method and the splicing method can be used, but the survival rate of splicing method is lower than that of the connection method.
The available soft branches are connected and the hard branches are connected. The soft branch is usually connected when the new branch has not been semi-lignified. The new branch of the identified species is selected as the scion, and the cuttings are selected for survival one year before the selection. The seedlings that grow new branches in the spring are used as the rootstock. The thickness of the rootstock and the scion should be close to each other. Scion close together, position, adjust height, if necessary, add cushions, after selection of branches, in the smooth part of the scion and rootstock, vertical cutting 1.5 ~ 3cm long isometric cut, width similar, deep To reach the xylem, and then the two incisions are anastomosed to align the layers and firmly tied with plastic strips. Afterwards, strengthen the management, pay attention to the rootstock and scion of the basin soil to keep it moist, prevent excessive drought, and take precautions to prevent strong winds from blowing and avoid blowing branches. Hardwoods can be accessed all year round, but it is most suitable from May to June. The method of connection and management are the same as soft branch connection method.
劈 picking strong growth, no pests and diseases, 2 to 3 years old plants as rootstock. Choose strong, no pests and diseases, adequate lumber or 1 year old lignified shoots for the scion. Rootstocks can be cut from the ground at a height of 5 to 7cm above the ground. In the middle of the rootstocks, a knife is cut with a grafting knife and the depth is 2 to 3cm. The lower scions were cut off, leaving the upper branches and leaves and buds, the base cut into a wedge-shaped, deep to the xylem, the length consistent with the rootstock incision. After cutting, insert the scion into the cut of the rootstock to align the layers and securely tie them with plastic strips. In order to enhance the ornamental value, scion can select several different varieties at the same time.
(2) Bud grafting: It can be carried out in the growing season of Camellia, but it is best in the early May to the beginning of July. Generally used "T" shaped bud grafting. After selecting the scion, cut a knife 0.5cm above the shoot, cut a knife in the right and left, and reach deep into the xylem. Gently peel off the scion and it appears as a shield. The scion should leave the petiole. In the appropriate parts of the rootstock shoots, one knife is cut transversely, and then a knife is cut longitudinally to form a “T†shape. Then, the buds are inserted into the incisions, aligned with the cortex, and firmly tied with plastic strips.
4. Batten propagation Batten breeding can obtain larger seedlings, the method is simple and the survival rate is high, but a large number of seedlings cannot be obtained. Batten propagation can be carried out throughout the year, but it is most suitable in April or June. Choose strong, no pests, pests, 2 to 3 years old branches, from the top about 30 ~ 40cm, engraved with a knife ring or ring width 0.5 ~ 1cm, deep to the xylem, with 1000μg/g of indole acetic acid solution Apply to the wound, then wrap the wound with a moist matrix and tie the plastic bag up and down.
Cultivation and Management Camellia cultivation in open cultivation and potted plants.
1. Open cultivation is often planted in open areas in the warm south of the Yangtze River in China. Planting sites should be selected as semi-shaded, well ventilated, fertile soil, loose, rich in humus, and well-drained (pH 5.7) site. It can be planted throughout the year, but it is most suitable in autumn. When planting, the ball should be transplanted as much as possible. The diameter of the ball is 6 to 10 times the diameter of the tree, and the height is 1/3 to l/2 of the diameter of the ball. Dig a shallow pit that is 2 times larger than the soil ball at the root of the plant. The depth is 2 times the thickness of the earth ball. Build a platform in the middle of the pit and place the earth ball on the platform so that the upper part of the earth ball will rise above the ground surface. Mixed soil with basal fertilizer is filled into the pit, filled with soil, and compacted on the side. After the soil is filled, a circle of soil is left outside to facilitate irrigation.
2. Potted pots should be carried out in cold areas in the north or in areas with poor soil quality. Pots should be selected for breathable, highly water-permeable pots. Should choose small, slow growing varieties. The size of the pots and plant size should be appropriate and should not be too large or too small. Pots and soils should be loose, fertile, well-drained, slightly acidic loam. The basin is available all year round, preferably in the fall. First flip down a tile in the hole at the bottom of the pot, lay a layer of coarse sand on the bottom of the pot, place the plant in the middle of the pot, hold the plant one hand, fill the soil with one hand, and the pot and soil should not be too full, leave 2 to 3cm of water . After being planted, spray water with a watering can. Generally every 2 to 3 years, the pots are changed once, and the roots, roots, roots, and roots are removed when the pots are replaced.
3. Watering Camellia watering water is best rain or snow water, if tap water needs to be stored in the tank for 2 to 3 days before use, the pH of the water should be between 5.5 and 6.5. Camellia watering should be dry and wet to keep the soil moist. In the buds and flowering stages, the water should be properly controlled to make the soil dry to facilitate vegetative growth and watering should be controlled during dormancy in winter. The watering temperature should be best when it is close to the indoor air temperature or the soil temperature to prevent overheating and over-stimulating the roots of camellia. Therefore, the watering time should be grasped. Watering in winter should be at noon and summer should be performed in the morning and in the evening.
4. Fertilizer for fertilizing Camellia is mainly organic fertilizer supplemented with fertilizer. From mid-April to mid-May, during the growth period of spring shoots, topdressing nitrogen fertilizers will be applied. After the flower bud differentiation period, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers will be topdressed. In the summer, the growth basically stopped, no fertilizer or less fertilization was applied, and in the fall, the low-nitrogen, high-phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were applied, and the winter basal fertilizer was used to sprout and bloom in Liming. Each time fertilization is combined with watering.
5. Temperature, humidity Camellia growth temperature is 18 ~ 25 °C, the limit high temperature is 30-35 °C, the minimum temperature is 0 ~ 5 °C. When the temperature is high, the ventilation can be enhanced, shading, water spray, etc. to cool down. When the temperature in winter is low, you can pack, set up wind barriers, and move potted plants indoors. Camellia requires relative humidity of 60% to 80%. Below 50%, it will grow poorly.
6. Light Camellia bogey day, hi half shade, so hot summer, should be given shade, water spray, ventilation, etc., If the temperature exceeds 35 °C, then prone to sunburn, leaves withered, rolling, poor growth.
8. Plastic pruning Reasonable pruning can make beautiful tree shape, dense foliage, improve the ventilation and lighting conditions of the tree crown, reduce the occurrence of diseases and pests, regulate the balance between vegetative growth and reproductive growth, and ensure that the plants grow robustly, and the flowers are large and gorgeous.
Camellia pruning is generally performed in mid-July, and the cut branches, cross branches, diseased shoots and overlapping branches have been cut off. Cut branches can be used for cutting propagation. In addition, pruning can be carried out in small seedlings to enable the crown to be upright, with a strong tree vigor and a beautiful tree shape. The life span of each leaf of Camellia is more than 4 years, so artificially remove part of the old leaves to facilitate the acceleration of metabolism of Camellia and improve the photosynthetic efficiency. However, the picking leaves must pay attention to the beautiful and reasonable tree shape. Camellia plants usually have more flower buds, too many buds will weaken the tree potential, affect the quality of flowering, it is necessary to remove some of the buds. Sparse buds are usually carried out when the flower buds grow to the size of the soy beans. When they are too small, it is not easy to distinguish between leaf buds and flower buds. If they are too large, they may easily injure adjacent buds. Depending on the size of the plants, the number of buds can be eliminated. Small plants can be sparse. Usually only one bud is left on a single branch, which makes the flower bloom large and bright. When buds are first removed, the buds on the inside of the crown and on the weak branches are removed. The grafted plants are best not to blossom in the first year, and they must be removed for the deformed buds.
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