High-oil soybean production and main technologies

The Ministry of Agriculture has launched an initiative aimed at revitalizing the soybean industry. Since 2002, the four provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, and Inner Mongolia have been designated as key production bases for high-oil soybeans, marking a significant step in the restructuring of China's crop industry. One of the main reasons behind this push is that China's soybean production lags behind global leaders. In the late 1970s, the country transitioned from being an exporter to an importer of soybeans. Today, China consumes over 25 million tons annually, with domestic production covering less than 10 million tons. This gap highlights the urgent need to boost soybean output. Another factor driving the initiative is the high demand for soybean oil, which accounts for more than one-third of the world’s edible oil market. This presents a promising opportunity for the development of high-oil soybean varieties. Additionally, there is a growing demand for non-genetically modified (non-GM) soybeans. Among the top four soybean-producing countries—USA, Brazil, Argentina, and China—only China continues to produce non-GM soybeans. With many developed nations embracing GM crops, China’s non-GM soybeans offer unique market advantages. Currently, the U.S. produces about 170 kg per hectare, while Heilongjiang, China, averages around 160 kg, and Liaoning stands at approximately 120 kg. The primary challenge remains cultivation techniques, which require improvement to increase yields. To achieve higher yields, several best practices are recommended: First, selecting high-yield, high-oil soybean varieties is essential. Varieties such as Liaodou 11, Liaodou 13, Liaodou 14, Liaodou 15, Tiefeng 31, and Dandou 10, which contain over 21% oil, are well-suited for local conditions. Second, choosing the right environment is crucial. Soybean fields should be located away from industrial zones and highways to avoid pollution. It is also advisable to use organic materials like corn stalks or vegetable residues instead of burning them. High-oil soybeans should not be planted on land where herbicides like atrazine were used in previous crops. Third, proper fertilization is key. A base application of 2,000 kg of organic fertilizer, along with 8–10 kg of diammonium phosphate and 10 kg of potassium sulfate, is recommended. Top-dressing should occur during the early flowering stage, especially in low-fertility areas, using 6–10 kg of ammonium sulfate. Fourth, sowing should take place between May 5th and 10th, with a seeding rate of 3–3.5 kg per mu. Plant density should be adjusted based on soil fertility—denser in poor soil and sparser in fertile areas. Fifth, pest and disease control is critical. Farmers should focus on preventing viral diseases, underground pests, aphids, red spiders, soybean borerworms, and dodder. Regular monitoring and timely intervention are necessary to maintain crop health. Finally, harvesting should be done when the plants begin to shed leaves, typically when 90% of the foliage has fallen. Manual harvesting is preferred during this phase, while mechanical harvesting can be used once the leaves have completely dropped and the beans have matured.

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