Breeding management technology of breeding geese

In order to achieve the industrialization of the goose industry, it is essential for leading goose companies to guide and support farmers in geese production according to market demands, thus promoting local economic development. Establishing an efficient production and sales system, achieving large-scale operations, building improved breeding bases, and implementing intensive and scaled production are the most effective paths forward. **1. Facilities** **1.1 Site Planning for Production** Intensive goose farming can be done through grazing combined with feeding, or through captive or house-based systems. The site should be planned based on the company’s conditions and actual needs, ensuring a practical and functional goose farm. Essential facilities include brooding houses, breeding houses, water areas, septic tanks, and other necessary structures like laboratories and isolation rooms. Equipment should be well-equipped. When planning, special attention should be given to layouts that help prevent disease outbreaks. The layout should include clear functional zones, proper building structures, and adequate epidemic prevention facilities. It is ideal to choose sites with natural isolation and good epidemic control conditions, such as installing fences or planting protective tree belts, and setting up disinfection stations (disinfection pools, rooms, etc.). During construction, considerations should also be made for summer cooling and winter warmth. Geese farms should ideally be built near water sources, with the main structure facing south or southeast. Walls should be constructed with a base height of about 60 cm, and cold-proof cloth can be used around the area for insulation. **1.2 Large-Scale Grass-Raised Geese** As the number of geese increases, wild forage alone cannot meet their nutritional needs, which may affect their health and quality. Therefore, suitable forage crops should be planted according to the scale of raising. For example, ryegrass can be grown for goslings, while hybrid pennisetum, Mexican corn grass, and elephant grass are suitable for adult geese. Pasture yield is typically between 75-125 tons per hectare, with 5-8 tons of forage sufficient to feed over 100 geese. Ryegrass can be harvested 4–5 times annually under good management, allowing for batch feeding throughout the year. On average, about 300 goslings can be raised per acre (about 1/15 hectare). **2. Feeding and Management** **2.1 Growth Period of Breeding Geese** The growth period for breeding geese lasts approximately 10 weeks. While the process is similar to that of meat geese, there are key differences. Meat geese focus on rapid weight gain to reach market readiness quickly, while breeding goslings need to develop strong fertility and a suitable body type. Spring-hatched geese are usually selected for breeding purposes, with sexual maturity achieved at 6–7 months. Breeding geese typically start laying eggs around day 220–240, in early September. At this time, favorable environmental conditions, including suitable temperatures and rich green materials, are essential for optimal gosling growth and lower production costs. During the early brooding phase (within the first 3 weeks), online feeding is recommended, as it improves hygiene, survival rates, and efficiency compared to ground feeding. A brooding house should be prepared with thorough disinfection, tools, feed, and heating equipment. Before introducing chicks, temperature testing should be conducted. To ensure high-quality breeding geese and good brooding performance, strict selection of goslings is crucial. Choose young birds that meet breed standards—those with normal hatching times, strong vitality, bright eyes, shiny feathers, well-contracted umbilical areas, and firm, elastic bodies. It is advisable to retain about 20% more goslings than needed, with a male-to-female ratio of 1:4. Goslings should be given their first drink of water as soon as possible after hatching, often referred to as "drinking." In the first week, vitamins should be added to the water, and antibiotics may be included if necessary. Newly hatched goslings can be fed with full-price goose feed sprinkled on a mat. From the second day onward, the feed should be mixed with appropriate amounts of green material. Forage should be cut into small pieces (0.2–0.5 cm) and gradually increased in length as the geese grow. Geese grow rapidly, with peak weight gain occurring between 4–5 weeks of age. Nutritional levels significantly impact growth rates. Early-stage feeding must be rich and balanced to maximize growth potential. By the 6th week, feather and bone development accelerate. At this stage, diets should be carefully controlled to prevent excessive wing feather growth, which can interfere with mating later. Limiting concentrate to about 200g per day helps maintain balance. At 7 weeks, the abdomen becomes visible without litter. From 8 weeks onward, concentrate can be increased to promote new feather growth and overall development. **2.2 Feeding and Management of Reserve Geese** Reserve geese are raised until 11 weeks of age, during which they experience their second round of feather growth. Select healthy, well-developed individuals with desirable physical traits. Large body size, fast growth rate, and efficient feed conversion are key indicators for selecting breeding stock. Retain about 10% more goslings than required for the third selection. Males and females should be raised separately. Males require 10–20% more concentrate to maintain good body condition and reproductive capacity. At 12 weeks, geese begin their second molt. During this period, the skeleton and plumage continue to develop, and body weight still increases. Although nutritional needs remain high, overfeeding should be avoided to prevent fat accumulation and wasted feed. Gradually reduce concentrate to 250g/day, mixing in coarse materials like green forage and chaff, fed twice daily. Some husks can be used to fill the digestive tract and improve resistance to rough feeds, preparing them for restricted feeding. When the second molt is complete (around 100–120 days old), reserve geese enter the restricted feeding period, which is critical for maintaining high fertility. Restricting feed helps control growth, slightly reduce body weight, suppress fat accumulation, especially abdominal fat, and promote reproductive system development. Feed restriction methods vary: some rely mainly on grazing with minimal supplementation, while others use two daily feedings, with pasture in the morning and a mix of concentrate and husks in the afternoon. Transition to 140–150g/day, using husks as fillers. Adjust feeding plans weekly based on observed effects. Avoid excessive restriction to prevent weight loss or mortality. Monitor geese closely, isolating weak ones for better care or removal if necessary. Artificial forced moulting is often performed at the end of the restricted feeding period. Pulling main and secondary wing feathers promotes a third molt and improves uniformity. Male and female geese are forced to moult during summer, around 170–180 days old. Prior to plucking, feed may be reduced or stopped for a week to prepare the feathers. After moulting, gradually increase feed to stimulate new feather growth and restore health. Diets should include concentrates with 14–15% crude protein and 10.9–11.3 MJ/kg metabolic energy. **2.3 Breeding and Management of Breeding Geese** Good feeding and management are essential for maximizing breeding performance. Reserve geese should be raised to the expected laying date with strong physique, dense and shiny coats, and clear secondary sexual characteristics. Selecting high-quality males is critical for egg fertilization. Ideal males have loud calls, wide heads, well-developed combs, long eyes, strong necks, and broad bodies. Female geese should exhibit good maternal instincts, gentle behavior, and a well-proportioned body with a short neck, deep chest, and broad abdomen. Breeding groups are typically around 120 geese, with a male-to-female ratio of 1:5–6. Breeding geese are fed twice daily. Crude protein content should be 16–17%, with 11.3 MJ/kg of metabolic energy. Male geese receive 300–350g/day, while females get 250–300g/day. Geese lay 3–4 clutches per year. During peak laying, feed intake drops to 200–220g/day. Reduce feed and gradually increase it as egg-laying declines. Shortening nesting time for females significantly boosts egg production. Once nesting behavior is observed, isolate females for 1–2 weeks, providing only water and green materials. After waking, feed small amounts of grain to restore digestion before returning to the group. **2.4 Breeding and Management During the Breeding Season** The breeding season lasts 7–8 months. Breeding geese stop producing eggs by April of the following year. During this period, female geese lose body fat, and males show reduced fertility and poor feather condition. This is the time to cull unproductive birds and supplement with new reserves. After the last clutch, reduce concentrate levels to 140–150g/day, feeding only grazing or forage. **2.5 Key Issues in Daily Feeding and Management** - Maintain cleanliness by removing manure at least once daily. - Feed in the morning and evening when geese are most active, ensuring even distribution. - Provide proper ventilation and teach goslings to bathe around 14–21 days of age. - During limited feeding, strengthen management to prevent heat stress or rain exposure. - Breed geese in the morning and early evening, ensuring good timing and environment. Monitor male fertility and replace any underperforming individuals. - To ensure egg fertilization and reduce contamination, collect quail eggs and quails 4–5 times daily. **3. Disease Prevention and Control** Disease prevention and feeding management are inseparable. Goose farms must implement strict veterinary health and epidemic prevention measures, including regular immunizations and monitoring. Major infectious diseases include gosling plague, goose paramyxovirus, avian influenza, and colibacillosis. Effective vaccines are available for most diseases. For example, administer 0.5ml of anti-goose scorpion serum on day 1, 1ml of attenuated gosling plague vaccine on day 14, and 2–3 inactivated vaccines before production. Administer 1–5 doses of goose paramyxovirus vaccine between 20–30 days of age, and 2–3 doses before starting production. Vaccinate against avian influenza at 2–4 weeks of age with 0.5ml per bird, followed by a booster every 3 months with 1ml each time. Although E. coli is challenging, it is a conditional pathogen. Strengthen feeding practices and disease prevention, and treat with sensitive drugs when necessary.

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