Huang Hao's incubation environment and incubation management

The hatching success of fertilized seeds in *Astragalus membranaceus* is influenced by several environmental factors, such as water temperature, dissolved oxygen levels, and the presence of predator organisms. These conditions play a crucial role in determining the viability and development of the embryos. First, **water temperature** has a significant impact on embryonic growth. It affects the process in three main ways. Firstly, the embryos must develop within a specific temperature range. If the temperature is too high or too low, it can lead to reduced hatching rates or malformed embryos. Research indicates that the ideal water temperature for *Astragalus membranaceus* embryos is between 21°C and 28°C, with the optimal range being 24°C to 26°C. Secondly, even within this suitable range, sudden or large temperature fluctuations can harm the embryos. It’s recommended that temperature changes over a short period should not exceed 1°C, and ideally, no more than 3°C. Thirdly, the duration of embryonic development is directly related to water temperature. At around 30°C (ranging from 28°C to 36°C), the development takes about 5 to 7 days. However, at 25°C, the process may take 9 to 11 days, showing how sensitive the embryos are to thermal variations. Second, **dissolved oxygen levels** are essential for embryo survival. Unlike air-breathing organisms, these embryos rely entirely on absorbing dissolved oxygen from the water through their blood vessels. Low oxygen levels can cause developmental delays, stagnation, or even suffocation. Studies have shown that at 24°C, the oxygen consumption of 100 *Astragalus* oocytes increases during different developmental stages: 0.29 mg during cell division, 0.46 mg during the blastula stage, and 0.53 mg during the gastrula stage. This is significantly higher than the oxygen demand of common fish species like the "Four Home Fishes." Therefore, maintaining near-saturation levels of dissolved oxygen in the incubation water is critical to ensure healthy development. Third, **water quality** is another key factor. Poor-quality water, especially contaminated with pesticides or industrial pollutants, can severely reduce hatching success. It is best to use clean, filtered water from a reservoir or a dedicated hatchery pool. Before use, the water should be filtered to remove potential predators and impurities that could interfere with the hatching process. The pH of the water should remain neutral, ideally between 6.5 and 7.5, to support optimal embryonic development. Lastly, **predator control** is essential in artificial breeding environments. Larger predators such as cockroaches, small fish, and shrimp can often be manually removed. However, smaller organisms like water fleas or leeches are more difficult to detect and can pose a greater threat. For instance, **sword leeches** can pierce the egg membrane or attack larvae, feeding on them and causing death. To prevent this, it's important to install fine filters at the water inlet to block such harmful organisms from entering the hatchery. By carefully managing these environmental factors—temperature, oxygen, water quality, and predation—breeders can significantly improve the hatching rate and overall success of *Astragalus membranaceus* embryos.

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