Non-pollution chestnut high yield cultivation techniques

Xiaying County is located in the southern part of the Yanshan Mountains, where the Huangyaguan Great Wall passes through. The region experiences a warm-temperate continental monsoon climate, characterized by mild and dry winters, hot and humid summers with abundant rainfall, and cool, crisp autumns. Winters are cold and often snowy, with a frost-free period lasting around 180 days annually. The annual precipitation ranges between 500 to 700 mm, and the soil is leached, making it ideal for chestnut cultivation. These natural conditions have made Xiaying one of the most renowned areas for Yanshan chestnuts both domestically and internationally. With a long history of chestnut production, the town has significantly expanded its cultivation area in recent years. Currently, over 1,000 hectares are dedicated to chestnut farming, yielding more than 900,000 kg annually. As the primary economic crop, chestnuts have become a vital source of income for local farmers. In 1994, Xiaying Town was officially recognized as a demonstration area for green food production by the China Green Food Development Center, highlighting its ability to produce high-quality, pollution-free agricultural products. To ensure sustainable and high-quality chestnut production, several key technical practices are followed: **Site Selection** Chestnut trees should be planted in non-polluted areas with good environmental conditions, clean water, and healthy soil. Ideal sites include gneiss, granite, sandstone, or shale areas with at least 50 cm of soil depth, good drainage, low groundwater levels, and well-aerated soil. The pH should range from 5.5 to 7.2, and the elevation should be above 500 meters. Slopes should be less than 25 degrees, preferably semi-sunny or hilly and partially shaded. **Soil Preparation** Two methods are commonly used: trench preparation (80 cm wide, 3–4 meters apart) or hole preparation (100 cm in length, width, and depth, spaced 2–3 meters apart horizontally). **Seedling Selection and Planting** Strong seedlings are essential for high yields. Two-year-old seedlings with a height of 1 meter, a stem diameter of 1 cm, and a main root length of 30 cm are preferred. They should have at least five lateral roots and show robust growth. Planting is done in early spring (April) or autumn (November), with spacing of 2×3 meters or 3×4 meters, resulting in 55–110 plants per acre. **Grafting** Grafting typically begins in the second year after planting. Common techniques include cleft grafting and bark grafting. High-quality, locally adapted varieties are selected, and 2–3 pollination varieties are recommended to enhance yield and market competitiveness. After grafting, yields can reach 5–15 kg per mu in the second year and double within three years. **Pruning** For young trees, pruning involves shaping them into an open center or natural form. Winter pruning includes shortening branches, while summer pruning focuses on removing dense branches and opening up the canopy. During full fruiting periods, winter pruning is the main method, combined with summer pruning to balance tree vigor, adjust light exposure, and renew fruit-bearing shoots. **Soil and Fertilizer Management** Before planting, Organic Fertilizer (10–15 kg per plant) is applied. In early spring, urea (0.05–0.1 kg per plant) is added. During the rainy season, boron fertilizer (0.05–0.15 kg per plant) is applied every 3–5 days to prevent blossom drop. Orchards are watered in winter and spring to support flower bud development. **Pest Control** Common pests include blight, which can be controlled by removing infected trees and burning diseased parts. Before bud break, spraying lime sulfur (3–5 degrees) helps prevent disease. From June to August, 25% emamectin benzoate diluted at 1500–2500 times is used to control aphids and other pests effectively.

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