Types of Microbial Fertilizers and Their Applications
Fertilizer is the "grain" and "nutrition" of crops and it is directly related to the yield of crops and the quality of products. Nowadays both at home and abroad are actively developing green agriculture (ecological agriculture, organic agriculture) and promoting safe production and pollution-free green food. In the production of green foods, it is required that chemical fertilizers, chemical pesticides and other chemical materials be used or minimized. This requires that fertilizers first promote crop growth and improve product quality; secondly, they do not cause the generation and accumulation of harmful substances; secondly, they do not pollute the environment and soil. In recent years, China has applied microbial products with special functions and a variety of microbial fertilizers, which not only reduced and moderated the pollution of nitrates in agricultural products (especially vegetables and fruits), but also improved the quality of crops.
1 Definition of microbial fertilizer
Microbial fertilizer is a kind of product that causes the crop to obtain a specific fertilizer effect due to the life activities of microorganisms, and is a type of fertilizer used in agricultural production.
At present, there are some misunderstandings and prejudices about the concept of microbial fertilizers in the community. One view is that it is highly effective, and treating it as universal fertilizer, or even as an alternative to chemical fertilizers, is overstated; another view is that it does not Calculate fertilizer. In fact, there are two aspects of one-sidedness. First of all, microbial fertilizers are different from chemical fertilizers rich in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Microbial fertilizers directly or indirectly promote the growth of crops, resist diseases and pests, and improve the quality of crops through the life activities of microorganisms, and not only increase the yield of crops. Measure standards, on the other hand, from the current research and test results, microbiological fertilizers can not completely replace chemical fertilizers, such as inoculation of peanuts with rhizobia. Soybeans such as leguminous plants or pastures can increase symbiotic nitrogen fixation efficiency, and the effect of increasing production is obvious. This point is already widely known. However, in the case of the same effective production, the use of chemical fertilizers can only be reduced to varying degrees and cannot be completely replaced. In addition, each fertilizer has its own applicable crops and areas, and there is currently no fertilizer where it can be used. Therefore, microbial fertilizers should belong to one kind of fertilizer, but from the point of view of the types of microorganisms and their functions, there are essential differences between traditional fertilizers and organic fertilizers.
2 Types of microbial fertilizers
From the different functions of microbial fertilizers can be divided into 2 categories.
2.1 Microbial seed dressing
Porous substances are used as adsorbents (such as peat and vermiculite) to adsorb the bacteria's fermentation broth as a fungicide. This fungicide is used for seed dressing or picking roots. Beneficial microorganisms increase the supply of plant nutrient elements through their life activities and improve the nutritional status of plants resulting in increased production. The representative varieties are various kinds of rhizobia fertilizers, which are mainly applied to legumes, so that they can form nodules on roots and stems of leguminous plants and assimilate nitrogen in the air to supply nitrogen nutrition of plants.
Two or more kinds of microorganisms (nitrogen-fixing bacteria, spore-forming bacteria, or some other bacteria) can also be mutually antagonistic and mutually beneficial. Through their life activities, they can increase the yield of crops, and their effects not only increase the supply level of nutrient elements, but also include bacteria. Various types of plant growth stimulants produced in the breeding process antagonize certain pathogenic bacteria and achieve the purpose of inhibiting diseases, especially soil-borne diseases such as nematode diseases, full-bleeding diseases, bacterial wilt, and wilt disease. Some fungicides activate the fixed phosphorus and potassium minerals in the soil and allow them to be absorbed by plants. Other microbial agents can accelerate crop straw decomposition and promote organic waste fermentation.
2.2 Composite microbial fertilizer
In addition to containing effective microorganisms, there are some nutrients. According to the different nutrients can be divided into: microbial and organic compounds; microbial and organic matter and inorganic elements. According to the mechanism of action, it can be divided into: nutrition-based; disease-based, mainly to degrade pesticides; also can have a variety of roles at the same time. Each fertilizer has its own characteristics and functions are not exactly the same, but the purpose is to increase crop yields, reduce fertilizer use, reduce costs, improve soil and improve crop quality, and protect the ecological environment.
According to the specific microbial species in their products, they can be divided into bacterial fertilizers (rhizobium fertilizer, nitrogen fixation, phosphate-solubilizing, and solution-free potassium fertilizers), actinomycete fertilizers (antibiotic fertilizers), fungal fertilizers (mycorrhizal fungi, fungal fertilizers, yeasts) Fertilizer), photosynthetic bacteria fertilizer.
According to the mechanism of action, it can be divided into rhizobia fertilizer, nitrogen-fixing bacteria fertilizer (self-growing or joint symbiotic), phosphate fertilizer, silicate fertilizer, bacillus preparation, decomposition crop straw preparation and microbial plant growth regulator. The plant growth regulators are currently under research and exploration. Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria, which is currently under research and exploration, belongs to this category. With the deepening of research, such microorganisms and their products will be applied more widely and more reasonably.
The research and application of microbial fertilizers abroad is earlier than China. Its main species is Rhizobium seed dressing. Over the past 10 years, microbial fertilization in China has developed rapidly, but rhizobial bacteria have been used less frequently. Other types of fertilizers such as nitrogen fixation, artillery relief, potassium release, and spore preparations have been widely used, and most of them have been industrialized.
The production of microbial fertilizers is a high technology. In general, the production of microbial fertilizers is not just a fermentation process. High-tech is required for the selection, breeding, rejuvenation, and even gene recombination of strains and the effective combination of different strains. It also includes ecology research such as matching of fermentation equipment, reasonable technology, stable production performance, and colonization and competition after microorganisms enter the soil. In short, we must understand the relationship between microorganisms and crop varieties, soil fertility, soil types, and achieve the purpose of rational application of fertilizers, which needs to be further studied. There are two types of microbial fertilizers: liquids and solids. No matter which dosage form is used, it will have a protective effect on microorganisms, allowing them to survive as long as possible and to successfully enter the soil for breeding.
The beneficial microorganisms in microbial fertilizers require energy and nutrients for their vital activities. When entering the soil, the supply of energy substances and nutrients is sufficient, and the beneficial microorganisms contained in it will multiply and thrive and exert their effects. On the contrary, no effect or effect is not obvious. When the ecological environment of the soil (moisture, temperature, oxygen, pH, redox potential, etc.) is suitable for the beneficial microbes living in the fertilizer, the effect is particularly significant. Therefore, reasonable agricultural technical facilities can improve the soil environment and improve the microbial fertilizer. Effectiveness.
The role of microbial fertilizers is comprehensive. First of all it can increase fertility, which is the main function as a microbial fertilizer. The relationship between microbial activity and soil fertility is positive, but some mechanisms cannot be fully elucidated because some studies are not in place; the second is to help crops absorb nutrients, such as rhizobia can fix nitrogen in nodules and be Absorption of plants can be fully utilized without pollution. AM fungi is a kind of soil fungus, which is symbiotic with a variety of plant roots. Its hyphae can absorb more nutrients for plant absorption and utilization, especially for phosphorus absorption. Microbial fertilizers can also increase plant resistance to pests and diseases and drought resistance. The research and application of PGPR provide very good evidence for this. PGPR can also produce selerotium and Tnielaviopsis to change the micro-ecological environment. Some studies also believe that after PGPR vaccination, it can promote the increase of water quality in the roots, thus promoting the robustness of the crops and producing resistance to stress. Another use of microbial fertilizers is to reduce the amount of fertilizer used, while improving the quality of the crop.
The bacteria used to produce microbial fertilizers must be safe. The strains must first have no acute or evil acute diseases for humans, animals, and plants, and they must have certain effects. Excellent strains are important because the same strain can be screened for stronger strains after screening or mutagenesis. The application of strains should be scientific and reasonable. Some fertilizer products use soybean rhizobia for grass crops such as wheat and corn, which is very ridiculous. Bacillus combinations should also be tested, some types are not suitable combinations, and some bacteria should also be tested for safety. Microbial fertilizers should not be exposed to sunlight for a long time so as to prevent ultraviolet rays from killing microorganisms in fertilizers. Some products should not be mixed with chemical fertilizers, and they must not be mixed with fungicides.
Microbial fertilizers have developed rapidly, but there are also some unreasonable problems. For example, blindly believe that the more kinds of bacteria added to the fertilizer, the better, the antagonistic bacteria will be put together; the fermentation equipment is not perfect; the technology is not advanced; the production technology is low; the product quality is unstable; the proportion of microbial fertilizer is large, and the chemical fertilizer has a large proportion. Incompatibility; basic research is weak; development of high-tech products is lagging behind. Microbial fertilizers cannot solve all the problems in production. However, compared with chemical fertilizers, microbial fertilizers are currently playing a less important role in agricultural production. They are fertiliser varieties that should be developed vigorously.
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