Shan Ruijing breeding egg and hatching technology

During the spawning season in Shanrui, the area where mountain Ruizong (S. rufipogon) lay their eggs was carefully inspected each morning. The presence of eggs was often indicated by soft, moist patches of sand with radial paw prints around them. When an ovary was detected, it was important not to disturb the eggs immediately, as the embryos were still in an unstable stage. Instead, the eggs were marked in place and left undisturbed for 24 hours to allow the embryos to stabilize before collection. This careful approach helped prevent damage caused by vibration during handling. When collecting the eggs, the sand covering them was gently pried away using hands, making sure not to touch or break any eggs. After removal, the fertilized eggs were examined, and those with a white spot (the blastoderm) facing upward were placed neatly into a collection box and transported to the hatchery for artificial incubation. After each spawning event, the site was cleaned thoroughly. During dry periods, water was sprayed onto the sand to maintain moisture, encouraging the birds to return and lay eggs again. Artificial hatching is commonly used for S. rufipogon eggs. This process involves placing selected fertilized eggs in a controlled environment with regulated temperature and humidity. Once the accumulated heat units reach a certain threshold, the embryos complete their development, and the hatchlings begin to emerge. Compared to natural hatching, artificial methods provide more stable conditions, leading to shorter hatching times and higher success rates. There are two main methods of artificial incubation: room temperature incubation and constant temperature incubation. 1. **Room Temperature Incubation** is typically done indoors without the need for specialized temperature control equipment. Wooden boxes or breathable containers are used as incubators. A 5 cm layer of sand is spread on the bottom, and fertilized eggs are arranged in 2–3 layers. The eggs are then covered with another 3–5 cm of fine sand. The moisture content of the sand should be between 7% and 10%, which can be tested by squeezing a handful of sand; it should hold its shape but not drip. Proper humidity is crucial—too much moisture can cause the eggs to suffocate, while too little can lead to dehydration and failure. After placement, each batch is labeled with the date and number of eggs. In Guangzhou, under natural temperatures, hatching usually took 76–83 days, with an average hatching rate of 80.5%. 2. **Constant Temperature Incubation**, also known as rapid incubation, is conducted in a temperature-controlled hatching room. Unlike room temperature incubation, the temperature is kept constant throughout the process. At 28°C, the incubation period lasted 71–78 days, with a hatching rate of 95%. At 30°C, the time shortened to 60–67 days, though the hatching rate dropped slightly to 82.9%. However, at 33°C, all embryos died, showing that temperature must be carefully managed. Throughout the hatching process, daily monitoring is essential. Temperatures are checked three times a day by placing thermometers in the sand and in the air. Humidity is assessed based on the sand's moisture level. Water is sprayed daily, and the sand is loosened to prevent compaction, but the eggs themselves are not disturbed. Good air circulation is maintained, and measures are taken to prevent moisture loss from external sources. These practices ensure optimal conditions for successful hatching.

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