Key Techniques for Increasing Fish Fertilizer Efficiency

Fertilizer fish farming is a method that involves the use of chemical fertilizers to enhance aquatic productivity by stimulating the growth of phytoplankton and other natural food sources for fish. This approach not only supports the development of green plants, zooplankton, and benthic organisms but also helps maintain good water quality by increasing oxygen levels through photosynthesis. Unlike traditional agricultural fertilization, fertilizer fish farming has a more complex mechanism, often involving multiple trophic levels, which makes it essential to carefully manage the species composition in the pond. One key characteristic of this technique is its dual effect: while fertilizers do not directly serve as fish feed, they promote the growth of primary producers that eventually support the entire food chain. However, if the fish population primarily consists of non-planktivorous species, the energy transfer becomes inefficient, leading to reduced productivity. Therefore, selecting the right mix of fish species is crucial for maximizing the benefits of fertilizer application. Nitrogen-based fertilizers are typically the most important input in this process. Phytoplankton requires high nitrogen levels—often over 10 mg/L during peak growth periods—to sustain rapid protein synthesis. While phosphorus is also necessary, its role is less significant compared to nitrogen. In many cases, even with low phosphorus availability, phytoplankton can adapt by increasing phosphatase activity or utilizing organic phosphates, resulting in a "nitrogen-enhanced phosphorus" effect. Potassium deficiency is rare in aquaculture systems, so potassium fertilizers are generally not required. Choosing the right type of fertilizer is equally important. Common nitrogen sources include ammonium chloride, ammonium bicarbonate, and urea. Ammonium chloride is stable, easy to store, and effective in improving water quality. Ammonium bicarbonate is also widely used because it provides both nitrogen and carbon dioxide, which supports phytoplankton growth. Urea, on the other hand, needs time to convert into usable forms, making it slower in action. Phosphate fertilizers like superphosphate are preferred to avoid excessive sulfur accumulation, which can be harmful to aquatic life. The amount of fertilizer applied should be adjusted based on water conditions. Initially, about 5 grams of nitrogen per cubic meter is recommended for a 2-meter deep pond. As the water clarity improves (around 20 cm), the frequency of application decreases, and the dose is reduced to half or a quarter of the initial amount. Regular monitoring and timely adjustments ensure optimal nutrient balance and sustained fish growth. During the fertilization process, several factors must be considered. Maintaining a pH between 7.5 and 7.8 is ideal for plankton growth and fertilizer efficiency. Calcium supplementation, such as using quicklime, can improve water productivity. It's also important to apply fertilizers at the right time—early morning on sunny days is usually best. During prolonged rainy periods, additional fertilization may be necessary to prevent nutrient depletion and ensure continuous plankton growth. Fertilizing on cloudy or light rainy days can help maintain water fertility without the risk of runoff or dilution. Overall, consistent and well-timed fertilizer application plays a vital role in successful fish farming.

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