2012-2013 wheat autumn and winter seed technology plan
One, ten major push technology
(I) Standardized wheat sowing technology
The standardized sowing techniques of drought-wheat wheat include tillage preparation, deep-soiling, ploughing or rotary tilling, post-cultivation and post-crush suppression, and the smashing of the straw before returning the field to 2-3 times, ploughing into soil or rotating tillage 2-3 times , Strengthen the watering stumbling or suppressing the collapse of the soil, dressing seed dressing or seed coating agent, and strive to achieve appropriate, appropriate, appropriate seeding, ensure the quality of sowing, and strengthen post-suppression suppression. It is applicable to winter wheat fields in Huanghuai and northern winter wheat areas, including Hebei, Henan, Shandong, northern Jiangsu, northern Anhui, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Xinjiang, and Hubei Xiangfan City.
The standardized sowing techniques for the southern rice-wheat wheat include watering 7-10 days before the rice is harvested and planting after harvesting to prevent bad tillage and rotten seeding, digging of the third ditch, draining and waterlogging, proper sowing of appropriate crops, seed dressing or seed dressing Agent coating, improve sowing quality and so on. It is applicable to the winter wheat fields in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the winter wheat regions in the southwest, including rice, wheat and wheat fields in Jiangsu, Anhui, Henan, Hubei, Sichuan, and Chongqing.
(II) Semi-finished sowing high yield cultivation
The technology is in the wheat field with good soil fertility, fertilizer and water, and appropriate reduction of basic seedlings (13-200000), so as to build a reasonable population, promote individual development, make spikes, spikes, and grain weights, achieve high yield, stable yield, low Consumption technology system. Localities can determine the number of semi-finished seedlings based on local ecology and soil conditions to avoid large-scale seeding. The technology is applicable to winter wheat fields in Huanghuai and winter wheat areas in the north and winter wheat areas in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, including most of Shandong, Hebei, Henan, Jiangsu, Anhui, and Hubei provinces, and high-yielding wheat fields with irrigated conditions in Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Xinjiang. .
(III) Soil Testing, Formula Fertilization and Nitrogen Fertilization, High-yield and High-quality Cultivation Techniques
Soil testing and formula fertilization technology is a fertilizer management technology based on soil testing and fertilizer field trials. Mainly based on the total amount of fertilizer needed to achieve the target yield of wheat, the required fertilizer rules and fertilizer effects at different fertility stages, based on the rational application of organic fertilizer, put forward the application amount of fertilizer (mainly nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer) and fertilization period. And application methods. Applicable to all wheat areas in the country.
The high-yield and high-quality cultivation technology of nitrogen fertilizers is a technical system that combines the proportion of winter wheat at the end of the topdressing process, the backward shift at the topdressing stage in the spring, and the appropriate amount of nitrogen. It is mainly applicable to the winter wheat fields in the north latitude 35-38 and the northern winter wheat areas, including strong gluten and medium-strength wheat fields with good irrigating conditions and fertility in Henan, Shandong, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi and Xinjiang.
(4) Winter Wheat Watering Technology in Huanghuai Sea
This technology is used to irrigate wheat before it enters the wintering period, and it plays an important role in cultivating strong seedlings by increasing soil moisture content, sacrificing plough layer soil, promoting root growth, and increasing wheat drought resistance and cold resistance. The time for winter irrigation in a region should be controlled at a daily average temperature of 3-5°C, and the soil in the wheat field should end at night when it freezes or disappears. The water per mu is about 40 cubic meters. After irrigating, it is suitable to loosen the soil and close the cracks in the soil. It is mainly applicable to winter wheat planting areas in the northern winter wheat area, Huanghuai winter wheat area and Xinjiang winter and spring wheat area, including winter wheat fields with irrigated conditions in Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Tianjin, Beijing and Xinjiang.
(5) Water-saving and high-yield cultivation techniques
The technology is to select water-saving and drought-resistant varieties, appropriate late sowing, increase basic seedlings, planting of enough planthoppers, increase application of phosphate fertilizers, and re-application of base fertilizers and other techniques to adjust soil water storage at the bottom of dredging, reduce the number of irrigation and irrigation, and improve High-yield cultivation techniques for water use efficiency. It is applicable to winter wheat fields in Huanghuai and northern winter wheat areas, including wheat fields in north-central Henan, most of Shandong and Hebei, and relatively scarce water resources such as Shanxi, Shaanxi and Ningxia, Inner Mongolia Hetao irrigation areas.
(6) High-yielding cultivation techniques of dry buckwheat
This technology is based on appropriate sowing and cultivating pre-winter seedlings, requires semi-precision sowing, will use 50%-60% of nitrogen fertilizer as the base fertilizer, and 40%-50% of nitrogen fertilizer will move to the jointing period. Top-down technical system. It is suitable for wheat fields in the latitudes of 30-35 degrees north latitude, including those in Jiangsu, Anhui, Hubei, Sichuan, Chongqing and Henan provinces except for buckwheat.
(7) Cultivation Techniques for Rice Straw Mulching with Less No-tillage and Unseeded Rice
Less no-tillage cultivation techniques for rice and buckwheat mainly include seeding methods such as seedling-free seeding, seedling sowing and paddy sowing, as well as supporting techniques such as trenching, straw covering, chemical control and nitrogen fertilizer transfer. Applicable to the latitude 30-35 wheat area, including rice, wheat, wheat fields in Jiangsu, Anhui, Henan, Hubei, Sichuan, Chongqing and Shandong.
The rice straw mulching and straw mulching cultivation technology is based on the no-tillage and close-grained planting techniques. Mechanical exposition and straw mulching are the core contents, and the four aspects of yield increase, efficiency improvement, fertility improvement and environment improvement are harmoniously developed. . When the rice is harvested, the rice stubble is left in shallow form, ditched and drained, and chemical weeding is carried out 7-10 days before sowing, sowing with a simple manpower planter, 150,000-200,000 basic seedlings per mu, and covering 200-300 kg of rice straw. Applicable to the southwestern winter wheat area, including Sichuan, Chongqing and western Hubei, northern Hebei, northern Hebei, southern Shaanxi and other places.
(8) Dryland wheat mulching and straw mulching
The dryland wheat mulching technology mainly covers the land cover film, saves water and saves water, and raises the ground temperature, so that the dryland wheat can obtain high yield and stable yield, and it can be divided into two types for the cultivation of film-mulching ridge and furrow sowing and film-mulching.
Straw mulching technology is a cultivation technique that covers crops and returns them to the surface to protect water, fertility and fertility. It is applicable to the northwest region of Huanghuai winter wheat region and northern winter wheat region, including dryland wheat fields in Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces, and dryland wheat fields in low elevation areas in Gansu Province. Hebei, Shandong, and Henan can also be used for reference.
(9) High-yield cultivation techniques for wheat strains in late sowing
The technique is to increase the quality of the sowing seedlings and increase the quality of the sowing seed, supplement the sowing amount lately, supplement the fertilizers lately, increase the fertilizing material, and supplement the fertilizer by using fertilizers in the case that the sowing date of wheat is postponed. Scientifically managing and cultivating seedlings with multiple seedlings and other techniques of "four supplements and one promotion" to achieve a high-yielding cultivation technology system for wheat. Applicable to late winter wheat fields in various winter wheat regions.
(10) High-yielding Cultivation Techniques for Antifreeze of Wheat
Wheat anti-freezing high-yielding cultivation techniques are mainly strain techniques for preventing and remedying wheat freeze injury. The types of frost damage in wheat production in China mainly include freezing injury in winter, freezing injury in early spring (cold spring), and low-temperature chilling injury. The techniques for preventing freezing injury include the use of appropriate winter and spring varieties, proper sowing and improved sowing quality, and cultivation of strong seedlings. The strain-remediation techniques for remediating wheat freeze injury include watering in time and topdressing nitrogen fertilizers after freezing. Suitable for all winter wheat areas.
Two or six key measures
(a) Fine Site Preparation
In recent years, the experience of wheat being exposed to drought and freezing indicates that after the planting, deepening, or rotary cultivation, the depressions were repressed after the planting, and the wheat fields that were repressed after the wheat was sown, the wheat seedlings grew relatively normally, and the drought and the cold were relatively low. Light; on the contrary, there is no rolling after rotary tillage, and no repression after sowing, resulting in loose soil in the cultivating layer, quickly losing the earthworm, affecting the secondary root eruption, winter ventilation, the roots are cold and drought, dead seedlings heavier. Therefore, repression after cultivation and suppression after sowing are important links for safe wintering. The purpose of cultivation and soil preparation is to make the wheat field reach deep plowed layer, coordinate the water, fertilizer, gas and heat in the soil, moderate soil tightness, and have strong water retention and fertilizer retention, and the ground level is in a good condition. It is in line with the wheat sowing requirement and is full seedling and strong. Seedlings and plants grow well to create conditions. The general principle is based on ploughing (cultivation or deep soiling) or less no-tillage (rotary ploughing), and combining hoeing, hoeing, pressing, ridging, ditching, rakes, etc. to properly grasp the appropriate cultivation , Yichang, etc. Opportunities to reduce farming costs and energy consumption, so that reasonable farming, to ensure the quality of operations.
One is to loosen and plough. Deep plowing or loosening of the soil makes the soil softer, and the ability of the soil to retain water and fertility is enhanced, which is an important technical measure for drought protection. Plowing can bury organic fertilizers, crushed crop stalks, weeds and pest organisms, loosen plowed layers, loosen soil; reduce soil bulk density, increase porosity, improve permeability, promote aerobic microbial activity and nutrient release; increase soil Water seepage, water storage, fertilizer retention and fertilizer supply capacity. For wheat fields that have been ploughed only for several years before growing wheat, a solid plough bottom layer is formed below 15 cm of the rotary tillage, which affects root undershoot, precipitation, and infiltration of irrigation water. It should be ploughed for 3 years, tilled or deep for 1 year. Break the bottom of the plow.
The second is less tillage and no tillage. Plowing with conventional rakes has the advantages of burying straws and organic fertilizers, controlling weeds, and reducing pests and diseases. However, this traditional farming process is complicated and energy-intensive every year, and soil loss occurs in dry years. More serious and affect the wheat yield. As the effects of deep plowing can be maintained for many years, it is not necessary to plow every year. For this reason, the soil tillage prior to sowing can be ploughed once in 2-3 years. In other years, “less no tillage†is adopted, including rotary tillage or shallow tillage.
The third is recklessness and suppression. Earthworms can be broken, crushed, loosen the topsoil, flatten the ground, and use Panasonic to reduce evaporation and protect against drought. After the cultivator or rotary tiller, the soil should be grounded in a timely manner. In recent years, the Huang-Huai winter wheat region and the northern winter wheat region have a large area of ​​spinrow, and the surface soil of the wheat field after rotary tilling is loose. If the seeds are not sown after repression, the phenomenon of deep sowing will occur and deep sowing seedlings will be formed. Affect the occurrence of wheat tillers, resulting in insufficient panicles; it will also cause the loss of seedlings soon after sowing, affecting the eruption and undershoot of secondary roots, resulting in the death of yellow seedlings in winter. Repression has the function of compacting soil, crushing soil and smoothing the ground. When the soil in the cultivating layer is too loose, the repression can make the plough layer compact, increase the soil moisture content in the plough layer, make the seeds closely contact with the soil, and promptly erupt and extend the root system. Long, down to the deep soil, the general deep soil moisture content is relatively stable, even if the upper soil is dry, the root system can absorb moisture from the deep soil, improve the drought resistance of wheat seedlings, wheat seedlings are neat and robust. Therefore, the winter wheat crop in the Huanghuai winter wheat area and the northern winter wheat area should be promptly suppressed.
(II) Selection of improved varieties
According to the region's climate, soil, soil fertility, cropping system, yield levels, and pest and disease conditions, the most suitable varieties should be selected, and seed screening and treatment must be strengthened to improve seed quality.
First, seed selection based on climatic conditions. According to the climatic conditions in this area, especially winter conditions, select winter, semi-winter or spring varieties. In recent years, some of the local winter-winter varieties in the Huanghuai winter wheat region have been planted northward. Some spring varieties in the winter wheat region in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River have been planted in areas northward. They often develop fast pre-winter development and suffer in winter or early spring. Frost damage phenomenon.
The second is to use improved varieties based on the level of production. Drought-resistant and drought-tolerant cultivars should be used in dry and thin areas; drought- and fertilizer-resistant cultivars should be planted in dry soils with thick soil layers and high fertility; high-yield fertilizers with high potential should be used in high-yield fields with good fertility and water conditions. Resistance to falling varieties.
The third is to use improved varieties based on different farming systems. Wheat and cotton intercropping not only require that the wheat varieties have the characteristics of suitable late planting and early maturing, in order to shorten the symbiosis period of wheat and cotton, but also require the characteristics of shorter plants, compact plant types, and strong advantages of edge lines to fully utilize light energy and improve Photosynthetic efficiency.
The fourth is to select improved varieties based on the characteristics of local natural disasters. Dry hot wind and heavy areas should use appropriate early maturing, anti-aging, anti-blowing varieties, in order to avoid or reduce the harm of dry hot wind.
The fifth is based on the selection of species of the local pests and diseases. Rust-infested areas should be selected for areas with heavy rust infection. In areas with heavy rain and heavy waterlogging, areas with severe moisture tolerance, resistance (resistance) to head blight, and long seed dormancy should be selected.
Sixth, the quality of grain and the goodness of its products are good. Including nutritional quality, processing quality meets the requirements of finished products, full grain, high bulk density, and high sales price.
Seventh, it is necessary to go through trials and demonstrations when selecting improved varieties. It is necessary to constantly change new varieties according to changes in production conditions and yields, and to prevent the introduction of large numbers of varieties and frequent replacement of improved varieties without trials; while planting local main promotion varieties, attention should be paid to actively introducing new varieties for testing. , demonstration, and do a good job of seed breeding, in order to determine the "succession" varieties, to maintain the high quality of production species.
(III) Seed Processing
Strengthen the treatment of wheat seeds, effectively do a good job of seed coating, chemical seed dressing, can delay the onset time of wheat stripe rust, powdery mildew, sheath blight and other diseases, reduce the incidence of autumn seedlings, reduce the source of overwintering bacteria, while controlling the harmfulness of underground pests during seedling stage . According to the disease resistance, incidence and climatic conditions, cultivation methods of wheat varieties in different regions, reasonable selection of pesticides, good seed dressing. Strict seed dressing dosage, prohibiting overdosage; seeding immediately after sowing, are mixed with the current use, broadcasted on the same day; appropriate increase in seed dressing after seed dressing.
(d) appropriate sowing
Appropriate plowing condition of the plough layer in wheat sowing is relative soil moisture content of about 75%. Seeding under conditions suitable for lyrical conditions can ensure that all seedlings are once seeded, and seed roots and secondary roots grow out in time, and they are tied down to deep soil to improve their ability to fight drought. Therefore, when waterlogging is insufficient before sowing, watering should be done in advance.
(five) appropriate sowing
The practice has proved that the appropriate timing of winter wheat planting is closely related to the temperature. Normal winter varieties are sown at an average daily temperature of 16-18°C, semi-winter species at 14-16°C, and spring varieties at 12-14°C. In order to cultivate strong seedlings before winter, it is generally necessary to ensure that the effective accumulated temperature before winter reaches 550-650°C. Normal northern winter wheat area from the end of September to early October, the northern part of Huanghuai winter wheat area in early October, the southern Huanghuai winter wheat area, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River winter wheat area from mid-October to October 25, southwest winter wheat area from late October to early November sowing. To determine the appropriate timing of winter wheat planting, we must also consider the fertility level of wheat fields, pests and diseases and safe wintering conditions.
(6) Appropriate sowing
To determine a reasonable amount of sowing can obtain the appropriate number of basic seedlings, establish a reasonable group structure, deal with the conflicts between groups and individuals, and it is an important link to coordinate the relationship between wheat growth and environmental conditions. The principles to be mastered are as follows: First, the characteristics of the varieties, which mainly refer to the tillering power, the percentage of tillers and spikes, and the number of appropriate mu acrees; the second is the early and late sowing, and the varieties with strong tillering power and high spike-forming rate are sown early; the third is the level of soil fertility. Under conditions with high soil fertility, the basic seedlings should be thin and the seeding rate should be less. Normally, the wheat seedlings planted in the northern winter wheat area are controlled at 180,000 - 250000 acres in the wheat field, 150,000 - 200,000 in the north of the Huanghuai Dongmai District, and 150,000 - 180,000 in the Huanghuai South Area. When planting, when the average daily temperature is lower than 16°C, the seedlings will be increased by about 10,000 for each sowing day after sowing, but the maximum is not more than 350,000.
Source: Directorate of Wheat Experts, Ministry of Agriculture, National Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center
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