Wheat bran sesame seedlings: high yield of transplanting seedlings

Liu Jun, from Hushan County in Anhui Province, shared on February 25th that local sesame seedlings are widely used for sericulture, mostly through live planting. He mentioned that the yield per mu is about 100-150 grams less than 500 grams and asked: How much sesame seed should be sown for live planting? And is it possible to increase the yield by transplanting seedlings? First, the appropriate seeding rate for live sesame. Sesame typically yields around 100 kg per mu. The ideal planting density depends on the variety: for single-stalk types, 1,500–1,800 plants per mu (with a spacing of 13–16 cm between plants and 26 cm between rows), while branching varieties require 800,000–1 million plants per mu (22–24 cm between plants, 33 cm between rows). Too high or too low density can negatively affect yield. The weight of sesame seeds ranges from 2–4 grams, with approximately 250,000–500,000 seeds per kilogram. Based on a 4-gram weight per thousand seeds, only 40 grams of seeds are needed to produce 10,000 seedlings per mu. However, sesame is usually grown on dry land, where conditions are often poor, and the emergence rate of seedlings is not always high. Common pests and diseases include stem blight, wilt disease, blight, anthracnose, bacterial wilt, viral diseases, small tigers, grasshoppers, and stink bugs. In fields where sesame is planted continuously, diseases like wilt and stem blight become severe, reducing seedling survival. Sesame is also sensitive to waterlogging, so poorly drained areas or fields without proper drainage channels can lead to weak seedlings and disease outbreaks. As a result, multiple rounds of thinning are often needed after germination, which increases seedling loss. Therefore, the recommended seeding rate for live planting is generally 0.4–0.5 kg per mu. If the planting technique is more advanced, the amount can be reduced slightly to save seeds and reduce labor. Second, measures to improve the seedling survival rate. To boost the survival rate of live sesame seedlings and ensure stable, high yields, several practices should be followed: (1) Avoid continuous cropping; instead, rotate with crops like sweet potatoes, soybeans, or maize for 3–4 years. (2) Prepare narrow trenches, typically 1.5–2 meters wide and 30–40 cm deep. (3) Soak seeds in chlormequat for 1–2 hours before sowing, then wash and treat with 50% carbendazim powder. This helps shorten the internode length and improves resistance to lodging and disease. (4) Perform timely tillage and weeding. Chemical herbicides like acetochlor can be used for soil sealing after sowing, but care must be taken to avoid excessive moisture. At the seedling stage, use selective herbicides to control weeds without damaging the sesame. (5) Thin the seedlings at key growth stages—first when the first true leaves appear, removing dense ones, and again when there are 3–4 pairs of true leaves to promote balanced growth. Weak or missing seedlings can be replaced by transplanting. In poor growing conditions, a double-seeding method can be used. Sow once after plowing, then sow again after watering. This ensures that deep-seeded seeds can access moisture, while shallow-seeded ones can emerge quickly during rain, leading to better establishment and uniform growth. Third, transplanting is better than direct sowing. According to research by Fang Chuanqin and others from Anhui Agricultural University, sesame is a heat-loving crop requiring an average temperature of 27–33°C throughout its growth cycle, especially during flowering and podding. In regions like Jianghuai and along the Yangtze River, planting in mid-May allows for long seedlings in June, flowering in July, and harvesting in late August. However, planting later, such as after wheat harvest in mid-June, leads to weaker seedlings and lower yields due to insufficient light and heat. Studies from 1990 to 1992 across four counties in Anhui showed that transplanted sesame had higher yields than directly sown sesame. For example, transplanted sesame (sown on May 10, transplanted on May 14, and spaced at 40 cm × 15 cm) yielded 98.35 kg per mu, a 20.4% increase over live-sown sesame. The highest yield reached 103 kg per mu, 18.8% higher. Transplanting improves yield composition: average grain weight increased by 0.01 g, grains per pod by 5.2, and pods per plant by 3.7. The yield per plant increased by 1.7 g. Reasons for this include improved plant structure, longer growth periods, and better root development. Economically, transplanted sesame brings higher net income. While live planting is simpler, it involves more labor in weeding and thinning. Transplanting requires fewer management steps, saving time and effort. Finally, the article emphasizes that transplanting should occur when seedlings have 2–3 pairs of true leaves. One mu of seedlings can support 6–10 mu of field planting. Seedlings must be healthy and uniform in age. To prevent virus disease, seeds should be soaked with carbofuran or Bataan before May. During drought, spraying with paclobutrazol can delay growth and help manage transplant timing.

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