Wheat bran sesame seedlings: high yield of transplanting seedlings

Liu Jun, from Hushan County in Anhui Province, shared on February 25th that local sesame seedlings are widely used for sericulture, mostly through live planting. He mentioned that yields can vary between 100-150 grams per mu and even exceed 500 grams. He asked: What is the appropriate amount of sesame seeds needed for live planting? And, could transplanting seedlings help increase the yield? First, determining the suitable seeding amount for live sesame. Sesame typically produces about 100 kg per mu, with an optimal planting density of 1,500 to 1,800 plants per acre (spacing 13–16 cm, rows 26 cm) for single-stalk varieties, and 800,000 to 1 million plants per acre (spacing 22–24 cm, rows 33 cm) for branching types. Too high or too low density can hinder high yields. The average weight of sesame seeds is 2–4 grams, with around 250,000 to 500,000 seeds per kilogram. Based on a 4-gram thousand-grain weight, just 40 grams of seeds would be enough to produce 10,000 seedlings per mu. However, sesame is often grown on dry land with poor conditions, leading to low germination rates. Common pests and diseases include stem blight, wilt, blight, anthracnose, bacterial wilt, viral disease, small tigers, grasshoppers, and stink bugs. In fields where sesame is planted repeatedly, diseases like wilt and stem blight become severe, reducing seedling survival. Sesame is also sensitive to waterlogging, so poor drainage or low-lying areas can lead to weak growth and lower yields. To ensure uniform growth, multiple sowing rounds are often needed, which increases losses. Therefore, it's important to consider all these factors and adjust the sowing rate accordingly. On average, 0.4–0.5 kg of seeds per mu is recommended. If the farming techniques are advanced, the amount can be reduced slightly to save seeds and labor. Second, measures to improve the seedling survival rate. To boost the survival rate of live sesame seedlings and achieve stable, high yields, several key steps should be followed: (1) Avoid continuous cropping by rotating with crops like sweet potatoes, soybeans, or corn for 3–4 years. (2) Use narrow trenches, 1.5–2 meters wide and 30–40 cm deep. (3) Soak seeds in chlormethasone for 1–2 hours before sowing, then wash and treat with 50% carbendazim powder to shorten internode length and enhance resistance to lodging and disease. (4) Perform timely weeding, using herbicides like acetochlor for soil treatment after sowing, and high-efficiency herbicides during the seedling stage. However, controlling broadleaf weeds is challenging due to limited options and potential phytotoxicity. (5) Thin out seedlings at specific stages—first when the first true leaf appears, removing dense ones; second when 3–4 pairs of true leaves develop, ensuring balanced growth. Weak or missing seedlings can be replaced by transplanting. Finally, thin again when seedlings reach 12–15 cm in height. In poor growing conditions, farmers can use a double-seeding method on sunny days. First, sow once after plowing, then sow again and moisten the soil. This ensures deep seeds absorb moisture quickly in dry weather, while shallow seeds emerge promptly after rain, promoting rapid and uniform seedling emergence. Third, transplanting is better than direct sowing. According to research by Fang Chuanqin and others from Anhui Agricultural University, sesame is a heat-loving crop, requiring an average temperature of 27–33°C from sowing to maturity, especially during flowering and podding. In regions like Jianghuai and along the Yangtze River, planting in mid-May allows for good growth, but in some areas, such as Anhui, planting after mid-June leads to weaker seedlings and lower yields. Transplanting seedlings 10–15 days before harvest, following wheat harvesting, has been shown to significantly boost yield by up to 20%. Field trials from 1990 to 1992 in Hefei, Feixi, Huainan, and Suxian showed that transplanted sesame had higher yields than directly sown ones. For example, transplanted sesame sown on May 10, transplanted on May 14, and spaced at 40 cm by 15 cm, produced an average of 98.35 kg per mu, 20.4% higher than live sowing. Some plots reached 103 kg per mu, 18.8% higher. Transplanting improves yield by altering plant traits, shortening internodes, increasing leaf count, and boosting pod numbers. It also extends the growth period, particularly flowering, and develops a stronger root system. Economically, transplanted sesame brings higher net income, saving labor time compared to live sowing. Finally, the article emphasizes that transplanting seedlings with 2–3 pairs of true leaves is crucial. A 1-mu seedbed can support 6–10 mu of field planting. Seedlings must be healthy and uniform in age. Virus prevention starts with seed soaking, and during drought, paclobutrazol can delay growth and extend the transplant window.

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