Practicality and Cultivation Management of Camellia
Practicality and Cultivation Management of Camellia
Yichun City Yuanzhou District Oil Tea Bureau Huang Yuanquan
First, the distribution and status of Camellia
Camellia is a woody edible oil tree species unique to southern China. It is one of the four major woody edible oil tree species in the world. There are natural distributions in 15 provinces and regions in southern China. Camellia has a history of more than 2,300 years of cultivation. The country's existing area is 55 million mu (the number of national tea tea scenes in October 2006). There are 17.78 million mu in Hunan, 11.20 million mu in Jiangxi, 6 million mu in Jiangxi, 3 million mu in Hubei, 2 million mu in Zhejiang, 1.5 million mu in Guangdong, 1.26 million mu in Fujian, 1 million mu in Guizhou, 1 million mu in Yunnan, and 600,000 mu in Anhui With 200,000 acres in Shaanxi, the state attaches great importance to the oil tea industry, encourages the development of oil tea, and adds oil tea to the project of returning farmland to forests, with a focus on development. At the same time, the development of related preferential policies, some 250 yuan a mu, and some make up for seedlings, etc., so far the national forestry department approved a total of more than 30 oil tea town.
Second, the use of oil tea
Camellia is full of treasure. Seeds can be squeezed oil, the oil content is about 30%, tea oil known as the king of oil, its main ingredient is oleic acid and linoleic acid-based unsaturated fatty acids, accounting for more than 90%. Easy to digest after eating, but also promote the absorption of vitamins. There is no cholesterol in tea oil. After eating, it does not increase cholesterol in human serum, and does not easily cause hardening of the blood vessels and increased blood pressure. Tea oil resistant to storage, not easy to rancidity, will not cause human carcinogenic aflatoxin. Tea oil fried foods, bright yellow color, delicious flavor, is the best food oil, canned food processing, canned cows, tea oil, soap, Vaseline, hair oil, mechanical lubricant antirust oil In medicine, raw materials for penicillin and leucine are prepared.
After oil extraction, dried tea cake has a wide range of uses and high value. It was determined that the tea dried cake contained 25% of crude fat and 10% of saponin. The defatted and de-soaked cake had 14% crude protein, 5% nitrogen-free extract, and 12% crude fiber. Saponin, crude protein, and crude fat are all important industrial raw materials. In particular, saponin has special applications in medicine, soap making, and pesticides. In the soap making industry, saponin can be used as a cleaning agent and has strong decontamination power. Saponin can also replace dimethoate; emulsifier 0204. Not only can reduce the cost of pesticides, but also reduce the pollution of pesticides to the environment. Tea can also be used as fertilizer, applied to paddy fields, both to kill insects and increase production. Camellia is rich in color and pollen is the highest in all plant flowers. It is the best raw material for making daily-use chemicals such as toilet water and shampoo.
Third, the varieties of oil tea improved
For the aging of Shuling, the yield is low, and the varieties are inferior. In the late 1980s, Hunan and Jiangxi took the lead in carrying out variety improvement and successively cultivated more than 160 fine varieties from small fruit oil tea. Recently, the Jiangxi Provincial Academy of Forestry has selected 25 excellent Camellia oleifera clones from Hunan, Zhejiang, and Guangxi provinces, such as Hunan, Zhejiang, and Guangxi. The average yield per mu is 65.12 kilograms. When the seedlings are grafted, this method does not propagate through seeds, and the offspring will not mutate, shortening the cycle of flowering results and increasing the yield. The Camellia oleifera clone possesses fast-growing, high-yield, stable production, and high-quality resistance. After practice, it achieved the second year of grafting, fruiting in the third year, putting into production in the fifth year, and producing 45 kilograms of oil in the sixth year, which is 15 times that of traditional camellia.
IV. Cultivation and Management of Camellia
(I) Camellia planting technology
1. Prepare before planting. According to different requirements for afforestation and topography, soil preparation methods are used to provide various kinds of resources, such as the use of burrowing, the use of tapping holes, and the use of direct afforestation. The hole size is generally 40×40×40 (cm). Density: Plant spacing is 2 x 3 meters, about 120 per acre. The steeper and denser the slopes, the gentler and dilute the slopes. Before you plant a hole, you must backfill the soil.
2, planting time. It is advisable to have rainfall (rain and snow) for one month before and after the beginning of spring. Seedlings should be planted along with the trees, and the mud should be sprayed before planting. Wherever the long-distance transport of seedlings takes off one-third of the leaves, 10 centimeters of tops are removed to reduce water evaporation.
3, planting methods. Open the planting hole and plant the seedlings in the southwestern corner of the hole. The depth is just 5cm. It is appropriate to fill in the fine soil. When the soil is cultivated to the depth of the original nursery, the seedlings will be raised lightly to make the seedlings. The roots stretched, the loose soil sinking and the roots of the seedlings were closely connected. Afterwards, the soil was tightened on one side until the planting hole was slightly higher than the surface. Finally, a layer of loose soil was piled on top and piled into a hoe shape. Immediately, the root water was poured once.
(B) Tendency Management of Camellia
Recovering, digging, weeding, and covering of forest lands are the basic measures for the management of Camellia oleifera forestation.
1, dig again. In the young forest stage, the Camellia oleifera forest land that is not intercropped, intercropped, or intercropped, must be rehabilitated. 2, weeding weeding. The cultivator is shallow and generally takes place in summer from July to August. It requires a depth of about 10 centimeters. Deep digging and shallow boring generally follow the principle of “three years of deep excavation, and one year of shallow excavationâ€. 3, tree disk cover. Coverage is around 20 centimeters in the trunk, and the thickness is more than 10 centimeters.
2, oil tea intercropping
Before Camellia oleifera forest closure, the suitable intercropping forestland promote intercropping of green manure and intercropping cash crops, so that it can be used as a cultivator instead of cultivating crops to increase the early economic income and promote the growth and development of Camellia oleifera. Green manure, replanted peanuts, soybeans, etc. Common fertilizer: human waste, manure, green manure, tea withered, urea, calcium magnesium phosphate, compound fertilizer.
(1) Germination fertilizer. Spring oil tea germination for 30 days (late February to early 3 days) applies urea or compound fertilizer and other fast-acting fertilizers to promote high-quality shoots. (2) Strong fruit fertilizer. A compound fertilizer is applied at the upper and middle of June to promote flower bud differentiation and the fruit is large and long oil. (3) post-harvest fertilizer. From December to January of the following year, it will be appropriate to apply fertilizer to mature agricultural machinery and fertilizers with appropriate amount of phosphate fertilizer and 50 kg of fertilizer per acre.
Fertilization method: suitable for 20-40 cm in depth, 30-40 cm in organic fertilizer, 20 centimeters in chemical fertilizer, gentle slope along the inner edge of canopy dripping line, large gradient, uphill slope The inner edge of the canopy projection is applied with ditching, and the ditch is generally 20-40 cm deep. After fertilization, the soil should be reconstituted in time. Afterwards, the fertilization should be changed year by year, and the fertilization ditch should be widened and deepened.
3, trim. The purpose of pruning the tea tree saplings is as follows: First, cultivate a reasonable high-yielding tree and a firm tree structure, so that the main branch and lateral branches are evenly distributed to form a uniform, compact, and full crown structure. The second is to enable the tree to make reasonable use of space and make it light and airy, which is conducive to the growth and development of Camellia. The third is to control the tree crown within a certain range, which can not only produce high yields, but also facilitate management. The fourth is to create favorable conditions for planning dense planting.
4, Baohuabaoguo
Camellia flowering, falling and fruiting, fruit set rate is generally 20 - 35%, low-yield forest fruit set rate of about 10%. Flower protection is a commonly used technical measure for economic fruit trees. Many tests have proved that the use of a variety of comprehensive measures is also very effective for Camellia flower protection and fruit preservation.
(1) Spring protection tip. Spring shoots are the main branches of Camellia oleifera. Therefore, proper pruning, sufficient application of spring buds in spring, and enhancement of fertilizer and water management, promote the spring shoots with a good quality of extraction, which is the basis for high yield and stability of Camellia oleifera. (2) Xia Baoguo. Between spring and summer, spraying 2% of superphosphate, or 10ppm of erythrotoxin, or 20-50ppm of naphthalene acetic acid, can reduce the physiological drop of 3-14%. At the same time, the conversion, accumulation, and oil content of the oil will be improved later. Have a significant effect. It is best to spray 2 - 3 times in succession, each time interval 7-10 days, to ensure better results. (3) Autumn leaf protection. Through photosynthesis, leaves produce a steady stream of carbohydrates that supply the nutrients needed for growth and development of the tree. At the same time, the leaves are storages of nutrients. The amount of nitrogen in the leaves accounts for 40% of the nitrogen in the tree. Therefore, preventing the abnormal detachment of the leaves and enhancing the photosynthesis of the leaves is an important measure to seize the high yield and stability of oil tea. According to the test, applying 510 ppm of 2-4D or naphthalene acetic acid in the autumn has a good fruit protection effect. (4) winter flowers. Spraying trace elements such as boron, zinc and phytohormone 90% during the flowering period of Camellia oleifera had a significant effect on the rate of fruit set in flowering and fruit preservation. Spraying potassium dihydrogen phosphate, borax, gibberellin 90% and urea mixed solution during flowering period showed that the average fruit set rate increased by 16.5%. The specific method of operation is:
Spraying time: generally spray from the Xiehua 2/3 start the first time.
Liquid preparation: 200 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 3 g of gibberellic acid, borax 150 g, 500 g of urea and 100 kg of water.
Spray times: Generally 3 times, once every 7-10 days.
Fifth, the tea pest control
The main insect pests of Camellia oleifera are: tea tussock moth, tea-tipped moth, oil-tea-footworm, oil-tea stalk worm, oil-oiled tea, blue-winged pheasant, tea silkworm, tea-oil tea pod, and tea-seed-like beetle.
(a) Camellia tussock moth. Camellia oleifera also known as tussock moth, tea poison tussock moth, tea caterpillar; to be called caterpillars, poison caterpillars. Seriously affect the production of tea and tree vigor. Control methods: 1. Manual picking of eggs in winter and early spring. The tea camellia moth spends winter months on egg masses and has 5 months to manually remove egg masses or clear egg masses during fall pruning to collect and burn. 2, 50% trichlorfon emulsion 200 times.
(b) Tea bud moths. Tea-twid moth is also called tea-tip moth, tea-tipped cocoon moth, tea moth, commonly known as borers, cockroaches. Tea-tip moth larvae feed on the leaves of the early stage, damage the leaves, and then foraging spring shoots shoots, damaged shoots inflated, the top buds lose water and wither.
Prevention methods: Artificial picking or cutting off the shoots, branches and leaves in the middle and late May, and burning them together. For tea forests that are seriously endangered, in late March, when the larvae began to feed and transfer harm, 500 times solution of dipterex and 1000 times of dimethoate were sprayed, which all had good control effects.
(c) Oil tea feet. Camellia oleifera, also known as Acacia ulmoides, garden scales maggots, commonly known as quantitative worms, bridges and other insects. Artificial control: specialized digging, artificial moth trapping, scraping eggs. The larvae have low resistance before the third instar, and can spray 90% trichlorfon 2000-4000 times, or 120 times liquid soap, quicklime, kerosene mixture and so on.
(d) Tea seed weevil, also known as tea seed weevil, oil tea weevil, tea camellias. Tea seed weevil larvae gnaw fruit, larvae in the tea fruit to eat seed kernels, causing fruit drop and empty shell, and easily lead to anthrax infection, a direct impact on the production and quality of tea oil. Control methods: pruning and removing insects. Cut off tufted branches, overlapping branches, weak branches, diseases and insect branches, etc., so that the crown can be air-ventilated and light-transmitting, which can reduce the population density of the population; from July to August, the fruit can be collected and destroyed to eliminate the source of insects. In the initial stage of adult emergence, 90% trichlorfon 1000 times, 40% dimethoate emulsion 1000 times, etc. are sprayed 2-3 times, which has a good control effect.
VI. Disease Prevention and Control of Camellia
The tea camellia disease mainly includes oil-tea anthrax, oil-tea polluted tea, soft oil-tea tea rot, and oil-tea tea half madness.
1. Camellia anthracnose: It mainly damages branches, stems, leaves, and fruits. It also harms leaf buds, buds, and young fruits, and causes fallen leaves, falling buds, falling buds, fruit drop, dead shoots, severely damaged camellia, and the whole plant dead. Fruit: In the early stage of the disease, the skin was brown, and the lesion continued to expand into a dark brown tuxedo, and the small lesions expanded again and joined together to form an irregular large lesion. Leaf blade: often outside the tip or leaf margin of young leaves in summer and autumn. The early stage of infection was a small red spot, followed by a brown to brownish round or semicircle.
In the winter, a 0.8-1 Baume degree lime sulfur additive (with 0.1% detergent added) can be sprayed once. To reduce the number of pathogenic bacteria in winter.
Chemical control. Severely affected forest stands begin in late June and are sprayed once every 10 to 15 days for 4 to 5 consecutive times, which has good control effect. Pharmacists can use 1% Bordeaux mixture with 2% tea dry water or 0.1% detergent powder or 50% TU wettable powder 300 times or 50% carbendazim 500-700 dilution or 50% thiophanate 500 -700 times liquid and so on.
2. Camellia coal contamination, also known as oil tea, is one of the major diseases of oil tea.
Symptoms and hazards: Camellia oleifera disease mainly damages the leaves, and then harms the shoots. In severe cases, the whole plant is infected. The surface of the affected leaves and young shoots is covered with a layer of black fading or black coal smut.
Chemical control: In the middle and late June and early July, each one of the copper soaps (0.5 kg of copper sulphate and 2 kg of pine oleoresin mixed with 200 kg of water) was applied to prevent and control the coal smear of small coal gangue. In the early stage of disease, it can spray 0.3-0.5% lime sulfur or 50% bacteria 400 times, or 50% carbendazim 500 times, which can inhibit the spread of bacteria.
3, Camellia soft rot disease. Also known as Camellia deciduous and leaf blight. The main damage to leaves and fruit, tender shoots are also endangered, often cause a large number of deciduous, bud tip dead, leading to growth weakness, seriously affecting the Camellia growth and results.
Chemical control. 50% carbendazim 300-500 times, 75% thiophanate-methyl 300-500 times, 1/100 Bordeaux mixture, etc. have a good control effect. The prevention and treatment time should be early. The early spraying of pesticides can effectively control the spread of germs. The first time the pesticide is sprayed on the spring shoots. If the onset is heavy, the drug can be sprayed every 20-25 days at the peak of the disease, for 2-3 consecutive times, and it can be effectively controlled.
4, tea half crazy. Camellia half tea is also known as plaster disease, white dry rot, rotten feet. Major damage to tree stems and large branches caused decay. Older trees were more vulnerable to damage. Damaged camellia leaves were sparse and leaves were yellow, causing fallen leaves, falling flowers, and falling fruit, causing the branches and leaves to die and the whole plant to die.
Control methods: removal of diseased branches, diseased plants, and concentrated burning.
VII. Picking and collection of oil tea
High-yielding oil tea is generally fruited for three years, put into operation for five years, and is produced after six years. The period of fruitful production can reach 100 years. The date of tea fruit picking is generally five days after the frost falls, and the cold dew seeds are picked five days after the frost, picking early. Will affect the oil rate, late one will burst, and the second will affect the output of the second year. The timely harvesting of mature tea fruit can not only fully increase the oil content of tea seed but also prevent excessive ripening of tea fruit. Harvested tea fruit should be stacked on the inside for 6-7 days, so that the tea seed is cooked and increased oil, and then grasp the sunny day and spread the sun 3-4 days, the tea fruit naturally crack, most of the tea fruit can split on their own, not split The use of artificial peeling, and then drying the sun clean, and then continue to dry, generally to the sun for 6 days, sun-dried tea seed should be placed in a ventilated and dry place collection.
April 28, 2007
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