Cold Mulberry Cultivation Technology

Mulberry seedlings are typically grown in loamy or sandy loam soils with flat terrain, good irrigation, and high fertility. During sunny days, the seedbeds should be kept moist in the morning and evening. After about a week of germination, the cover should be gradually removed to allow the seedlings to acclimate. When the seedlings have developed two true leaves, they should be thinned out, maintaining a spacing of 1 to 1.5 cm between them. Once they reach 5 to 6 true leaves, further thinning is done, increasing the spacing to 4 to 6 cm. This results in approximately 70,000 plants per mu. After the seedlings have five true leaves, they begin to grow vigorously, which is a critical phase for developing strong seedlings. In addition to regular watering and weeding, two applications of fertilizer are recommended. Each application involves 5 kg of urea per acre. Fertilization should stop by late August to prevent excessive growth and ensure the seedlings harden off before winter. Before the soil freezes, the seedlings should be defoliated and prepared for storage. Any saplings that emerge should be planted immediately and stored properly. If grafting is planned, it can be done in spring after the ground thaws. For fast-growing and dense mulberry gardens, dry planting is not recommended. A standard planting density is 4,000 plants per acre, with rows spaced 70 cm apart and plants 25 cm apart. The planting method involves digging trenches, creating ridges, and burying the soil so that the root-stem junction is 3 cm above the ground. To maintain the structure, cut the seedlings and stems 5 cm above the ground each year, leaving three branches. This helps promote a strong and well-shaped tree. In dry mulberry gardens, leaf collection can be challenging. To improve productivity, grafting is commonly used to replace poor varieties with high-quality ones. The most popular grafting method is the outdoor bag grafting technique, usually performed in mid-May. The rootstock is selected from seedlings with a root diameter of over 0.6 cm. The root is cut cleanly at a 45- to 60-degree angle, without lateral roots. Longer roots can be divided into 2–3 segments. Scions are taken from healthy Sangchun cutting mulberry varieties, with full wood and buds, collected 15–20 days before grafting. Scions are cut into a 3 cm curved bevel, with the phloem and cambium layer exposed on both sides. They are then inserted into a pocket made in the rootstock. The graft is wrapped tightly and covered with plastic film. The ideal temperature for healing is around 25°C, and the grafted plants are ready for transplanting after 7–10 days. In early June, when the ground temperature exceeds 15°C, the grafted plants are moved to the field. Ditches are dug, base fertilizer is applied, and enough water is provided. For medium and low-level mulberry gardens, planting density is around 1,200 plants per mu, with 1 meter between rows and 0.55 meters between plants. The topsoil should cover the scion up to 15 cm. During the seedling stage, two fertilizer applications are made, with 8 kg of urea per acre. Watering is done when needed, and drainage is ensured during heavy rain. Weeds must also be controlled regularly. Once the mulberry trees reach about 30 cm in height, 3–4 new shoots are pruned to encourage tree development. Mulberry leaves are harvested multiple times a year, requiring consistent fertilization to maintain high yields. Each season, 20 kg of standard nitrogen fertilizer is applied, and 2,000 kg of manure is added during spring cultivation. For disease prevention, especially for mulberry dwarf disease, early intervention is crucial. Affected young shoots should be thinned, and axillary buds should be removed early. As the disease progresses, leaves become smaller, yellowish, and disordered. In severe cases, the leaves curl like cat ears, and the plant becomes stunted. Prevention includes spraying 50% malathion diluted 1,500 times or 40% dimethoate diluted 1,500 times from early June to early July. For bacterial blight, where bacteria enter through stomata or veins, causing leaf distortion and blackened tips, a 500-unit oxytetracycline hydrochloride solution is sprayed, with a second application 7–10 days later. Sangha caterpillars can be manually removed due to their colony behavior. Spraying is done in late autumn after the silkworm season. Mulberry red spider mites, which are about 0.5 mm in size, feed on the underside of leaves, causing white, translucent spots that eventually turn yellow-brown. Prevention involves using insecticides such as triclosan or dimethoate. Regular monitoring and timely treatment are essential to control infestations.

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