Cold Mulberry Cultivation Technology

Mulberry seedlings are typically grown in loamy or sandy loam soils that are flat, well-drained, and rich in nutrients. During sunny days, the seedbeds should be kept moist in the morning and evening. Once the seedlings start to emerge after about a week, the covering material should be gradually removed. When the seedlings develop two true leaves, they should be thinned out, keeping a spacing of 1 to 1.5 cm between them. As they grow to have 5 to 6 true leaves, the spacing should be increased to 4 to 6 cm, with approximately 70,000 plants per mu. After the seedlings have developed five true leaves, they begin to grow vigorously, which is a critical phase for developing strong seedlings. In addition to regular watering and weeding, two applications of fertilizer should be made. Each application involves 5 kg of urea per acre. By late August, fertilization should stop to prevent excessive growth that could weaken the seedlings. Before the soil freezes, the seedlings should be defoliated and transplanted. It’s important to plant any newly emerged saplings immediately and store them properly. If grafting is planned, it can be done in spring after the ground thaws. For fast-growing and dense mulberry gardens, planting should avoid dry conditions. A density of 4,000 plants per acre is recommended, with 70 cm between rows and 25 cm between individual plants. The planting method involves digging trenches, creating ridges, and burying the soil so that the root-stem junction is 3 cm above the surface. Pruning is essential for maintaining healthy growth. Seedlings and stems should be cut 5 cm above the ground, leaving three branches each year, and this height should be maintained annually. In dry mulberry garden areas, leaf collection is challenging. To improve yield and quality, grafting is commonly used to replace inferior varieties. The outdoor bag grafting method is widely applied, with grafting performed around mid-May. Rootstocks are selected from seedlings with a diameter of more than 0.6 cm. The rootstock is cut smoothly, without lateral roots, at a 45- to 60-degree angle. Longer roots can be divided into 2–3 segments. Scions are taken from healthy Sangchun cutting mulberry varieties, with full wood and winter buds. They should be collected 15–20 days before grafting. Each scion is cut into a 3 cm curved bevel, with the phloem and cambium exposed on both sides. The scion is then placed into a pocket created on the rootstock, ensuring a tight fit without gaps. Once grafted, the bundles are grouped into sets of 10 and wrapped securely. The scion side should face downward, and the roots should be covered with 3 cm of soil. Watering and covering with plastic film helps maintain humidity. The ideal temperature is 25°C, and the grafts should be planted after 7–10 days. By early June, when the ground temperature exceeds 15°C, the grafted plants are ready to be planted in the field. Ditches are dug, base fertilizer is added, and sufficient water is provided. For medium and low-level mulberry gardens, a spacing of 1.0 meter between rows and 0.55 meters between plants is recommended, with 1,200 plants per mu. The cover soil should be about 15 cm thick to protect the scion. During the seedling stage, two applications of fertilizer are necessary, using 8 kg of urea per acre. Watering should be done when needed, drainage managed during wet periods, and weeds controlled regularly. When the mulberry trees reach about 30 cm in height, new shoots are pruned to encourage tree development. Mulberry leaves are harvested multiple times a year, requiring annual fertilization to maintain high yields. Two applications of 20 kg of standard nitrogen fertilizer are recommended per acre, combined with 2,000 kg of manure per acre during spring cultivation. For disease prevention, especially for mulberry dwarf disease, early intervention is crucial. At the initial stage, thinning young shoots and promoting axillary bud development helps control the spread. In later stages, leaves may become smaller, yellowish, and misshapen, with shortened internodes and clustered twigs. Prevention involves spraying 50% malathion diluted 1,500 times or 40% dimethoate at the same concentration from early June to early July. Another common disease is caused by bacteria entering through stomata, petioles, or veins, leading to leaf curling and blackened tips, known as "bad heads." This can be managed by spraying 500 units of oxytetracycline hydrochloride solution, repeated every 7–10 days. The mulberry red spider, a tiny pest measuring about 0.5 mm, feeds on the underside of leaves, causing white, translucent spots that eventually turn yellow-brown. Control methods include the use of triclosan or dimethoate. Manual removal of larvae is also effective, especially in late autumn when silkworm activity declines.

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