Technical points for preventing and treating infertility in cows

Cow infertility is a major issue in the dairy industry, occurring when cows, after reaching breeding age or following calving, fail to conceive despite multiple breeding attempts. This condition not only delays the calving interval but also reduces the cow’s productivity and feeding value, often leading to early retirement and significant economic losses for farmers. Poor management practices—such as improper estrus detection, delayed breeding, and inadequate feeding—further reduce profitability and discourage farmers from raising cattle. To address these challenges, it's essential to implement effective strategies that help prevent and manage infertility. One of the most important steps in preventing infertility is improving feeding and management practices. Overfeeding with concentrated feed can lead to obesity, which disrupts estrus cycles and affects fertility. High-producing dairy cows are especially at risk, as excessive concentrate intake may cause metabolic disorders, reducing both reproductive and milk production performance. Additionally, using straw treated with herbicides or moldy hay can lead to long-term infertility, an issue that requires further research. To maintain good health, cows should be fed a balanced diet rich in protein, vitamins, and minerals like calcium and phosphorus. Diversified feed, including green forage and quality hay, should be provided daily. Cows must also have regular exercise and access to sunlight, ideally 16 hours of sunbathing per day. Proper ventilation, cleanliness, and dry conditions in the barn are also crucial for maintaining cow health and preventing reproductive issues. Proper care during the calving period is equally vital. The postpartum period directly impacts the cow’s recovery, uterine health, and future fertility. It is important to avoid unnecessary artificial interventions unless supervised by a veterinarian. Sanitation is key—operators should clean their arms, disinfect tools, and properly clean the cow’s hindquarters before any assistance. A thorough examination of the fetal position is necessary to prevent injuries to the birth canal and reduce the risk of infection. In cases where the placenta is retained, prompt treatment with antibiotics such as chlortetracycline or oxytetracycline is recommended. Regular health checks after calving, including vaginal and rectal exams, help identify and treat conditions like endometritis or retained placenta before they affect future breeding. Accurate estrus detection is another critical factor in preventing infertility. Cows typically show signs of estrus 20 days or more after calving, with the first estrus usually occurring 1–3 weeks postpartum. Observing behaviors such as restlessness, reduced appetite, frequent urination, and visible mucus discharge from the vulva can help determine when a cow is in heat. If estrus is not detected, veterinarians may perform a vaginal or rectal exam or use hormones like pregnant mare serum to stimulate estrus and improve breeding success. Finally, timely and accurate breeding is essential for increasing conception rates. Breeders must be diligent in tracking each cow’s reproductive status and maintaining detailed records. Artificial insemination should follow strict aseptic procedures, with high-quality semen used and proper timing for insemination. For cows that fail to conceive after several attempts, adding penicillin during insemination can improve pregnancy rates. By combining proper nutrition, careful monitoring, and timely breeding, farmers can significantly reduce the incidence of infertility and enhance the overall productivity of their herds.

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